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Introduction to Python
Need to pass all the test case.DeletPart and replace with your code. After you run through your code and thetest case, there should be no error occur. All the code should only occur in that one section.The data file will provide in the folder.
 
 
 
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Madsen, V., Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T. A., Mercade, C., Sanchez, M., & Osorno, J. L. (2007). Testosterone levels and gular pouch coloration in courting magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens): variation with age-class, visited status and blood parasite infection. Hormones and Behavior, 51(1), 156-163.
Juola, F. A., & Searcy, W. A. (2011). Vocalizations reveal body condition and are associated with visual display traits in great frigatebirds (Fregata minor). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65(12), 2297-2303.
Madsen, V., Balsby, T. J., Dabelsteen, T., & Osorno, J. L. (2004). Bimodal signaling of a sexually selected trait: gular pouch drumming in the Magnificent Frigatebird. The Condor, 106(1), 156-160.

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KEY POINTS

Former President Barack Obama on Friday warned Democratic primary candidates to avoid moving too far left in their policy proposals. 
“Even as we push the envelope and we are bold in our vision we also have to be rooted in reality,” Obama said. “The average American doesn’t think we have to completely tear down the system and remake it.”
Obama’s comments, made to the Democracy Alliance in Washington D.C., come as a large spread of candidates compete in the Democratic primary.
The former president has mostly stayed quiet about the election and has told allies that he and his wife have no plans to endorse anyone because they don’t want to influence the election.  

Former President Barack Obama on Friday warned Democratic primary candidates to avoid leaning too far left in their campaigns and raised concerns that certain liberal policy proposals on health care and immigration might have gone further than public opinion.
In an unusual address to a room of wealthy Democratic donors, Obama urged Democratic candidates to be pragmatic in their messages to voters. While he didn’t mention any specific presidential primary candidate or proposal, Obama warned that the average American voter does not align with views from “certain left-leaning Twitter feeds or the activist wing of our party.”
Obama said that his concerns aren’t a criticism of party activists, whose job he said is to “poke and prod and text and inspire and motivate.” But he emphasized that whoever the candidate is, their ultimate job is to get elected.
“Even as we push the envelope and we are bold in our vision we also have to be rooted in reality,” Obama said. “The average American doesn’t think we have to completely tear down the system and remake it.”
Obama’s comments, made to the Democracy Alliance in Washington D.C., come as a large spread of candidates compete in the Democratic primary. The former president has mostly stayed quiet about the election and has told allies that he and his wife have no plans to endorse anyone because they don’t want to influence the election.
His statements could be seen as a nudge to Senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren, who have championed large, progressive policies aimed to significantly change the structure of the country.
“I don’t think we should be deluded into thinking that the resistance to certain approaches to things is simply because voters haven’t heard a bold enough proposal and if they hear something as bold as possible then immediately that’s going to activate them,” he said.
Obama said candidates should “push past” his achievements as president but embrace a message that will keep them competitive across all parts of the country.
“For those who get stressed about robust primaries, I just have to remind you I had a very robust primary,” he told the donors. “I’m confident that at the end of the process we will have a candidate that has been tested.
 
(11)   In 2017, tax reform took center stage at the Federal Level, with Congress debating the provisions that should be enacted to “reform” the tax law for the first time since 1986.  Following the 1986  Federal change, in 1987 many states enacted additional tax reforms to benefit their individuals and corporations at the State level.   Based on your understanding the issues relating to the States tax law, if you were to recommend tax policy changes in New York to offset the costs of the current crisis, what would they be? Identify two tax policy recommendations for consideration in the upcoming budget which will be introduced next year.   Explain the tax you are proposing to change, what the issues are, and how your recommendations would represent the four elements of good tax policy.
 
https://taxfoundation.org/principles/
 
https://taxfoundation.org/coronavirus-tax-tracker-covid19/
 
(12)   After reading the below article and knowing what you do about the increase in the States of gaming revenues generally, please provide a brief history of this monopoly revenue source.  Your answer should discuss why policy makers validate the high effective tax rate, why they continue to rely on and potentially expand the types of gaming.   While the revenue it generates cannot be disputed, what are some of the issues associated with increasing our reliance on these funds?  Should this regressive source of revenue be used to offset the costs associated with the current crisis?  Support your position.   While the article below is dated, it is still a current issue.  Does your answer change in light of the need for revenue as a result of the COVID-19 recession?
 
New York lawmakers mull sports betting on mobile devices by David Klepper, Associated Press
 
Updated 1:52 pm PDT, Wednesday, May 8, 2019
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) — New York will lose out on hundreds of millions of dollars or more if it doesn’t authorize sports gambling on smartphones and other mobile devices, gambling supporters and analysts told state lawmakers at a hearing Wednesday.
Lawmakers at the hearing said they are eager to capture that revenue — which is currently going to illegal wagers or to states like New Jersey that have already approved sports gambling. They’ve introduced bills to authorize wagers on mobile devices and, eventually, in person at sports venues.  ECOMMENDED VIDEO
There’s one wrinkle: Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo argues such a move requires changing the state Constitution, a multi-year process that requires voter approval.  A U.S. Supreme Court ruling last year opened the door to sports betting outside Nevada. Since then, several states have legalized it and dozens are considering similar moves. In New York, sports wagers will begin at the state’s four non-Native American-owned casinos once regulations are finalized. With lawmakers expected to conclude their annual session late next month, supporters of expanded sports betting are hoping there’s still time to pass legislation — even if it could face a veto by Cuomo.
“We can sit and watch it go by or we can do something about it,” said Sen. Joseph Addabbo, D-Queens, the chairman of the Senate’s Committee on Racing, Gaming and Wagering.
Attorney Daniel Wallach, an expert on laws on sports betting, testified Wednesday that a constitutional amendment is not needed. He noted that the state has tweaked its gambling laws before — adding remote horse betting, for instance — without changing the constitution.  “It’s up to state lawmakers,” he said. Other experts told lawmakers that New York stands to lose up to $1 billion a year if it doesn’t follow New Jersey’s lead in permitting sports bets. Others testifying Wednesday included a representative from the NBA, who said professional sports leagues deserve to get a cut of the revenue from wagers.  Cuomo, so far, hasn’t changed his mind.  “We have constitutional concerns on this issue that we have raised for nearly a year,” said spokesman Jason Conwall. “Our position remains the same.”
 
(13)   Local Autonomy v. level of taxation.  We talked about this with Lindahl pricing (i.e. What’s your benefit) and how you, as an individual, validate what you pay in taxes to your local jurisdiction.  This validation can be used as the rationale for why we have so many different levels of government.  The article below discusses a community decision which recently happened in Ohio.    Describe the theory of Lindahl,  other choices that may have been available to the community and discuss what issues other local governments likely face in making a similar decision considering the current crisis.  How will the current property tax cap in New York impact a jurisdictions decision on spending considering potential reductions in services?
 
A village of 5,000 people outside of Cincinnati revolted against a 1 percent income tax, voting instead to dissolve the town, Sarah Mervosh, NY Times Nov. 26, 2019
AMELIA, Ohio — There were allegations of suspicious political donations and rumors about fake social media accounts. Protesters wore T-shirts that said, “Stop the tyranny!” At one point, a former official was escorted out of a public meeting in handcuffs. For more than a year, the residents of Amelia, just outside Cincinnati, have been consumed by a fiery debate over a proposal to impose a new local tax of just 1 percent. This month, voters found a way around the problem — by getting rid of their 119-year-old village altogether.
In some ways, the dramatic move, which takes effect this week, reflects the frugal, small-government mind-set that permeates Amelia, a conservative community of 5,000 people where the median household income is $61,500. Many residents are reluctant to hand over any more of their paychecks to the government, even the one that picks up their leaves in the fall and plows snow from their streets through the winter.But at a time when Americans’ trust in government is at historic lows, the fight in Amelia also shows what can happen when polarized voters decide that their government is so broken that it simply shouldn’t exist.
 “This all got way out of hand,” said Todd Hart, the one-time mayor of Amelia, who lost his bid for re-election on the same night the village disbanded. While there might be an argument that eliminating a layer of government could result in greater efficiency, the decision in Amelia represents a shift, said William Howell, a political-science professor at the University of Chicago.
“That you would have this kind of violent reaction against the introduction of a 1 percent tax suggests a deep-seated aversion to government generally,” he said.
On Amelia’s Main Street, cars will still cruise down the 1.5-mile road lined with a hair salon, a tattoo parlor, a yoga studio and a bustling Dollar Tree. But the “Welcome to Amelia” sign has already been taken down. As of this week, the village’s seven police officers and a handful of other employees are out of a job. And the village, established in 1900, is being split in half: Residents who live on one side of Main Street will belong to one township, and their neighbors across the street to another. 
Wearing a sweater with Amelia’s logo on it, Mayor Hart, 60, drove through town after the election, pointing out the ranch-style house near the library where he has lived for half his life and the park where city officials gave away pumpkins at Halloween.
“If you don’t like what your government is doing, just vote them out,” he said in an interview. “That’s democracy. That’s why we live in America.”  But he added: “Don’t destroy your town.” 
 ‘What am I getting for my money?  The drama started last year when the village council decided to impose a 1 percent income tax on all residents and workers, without public input. Many in the village found out about the change from a letter sent in the mail only after the decision was made.  
Most Americans pay no local income taxes, but the practice is common in parts of the East Coast and Midwest, particularly Ohio, where more than 600 municipalities have an income tax to help pay for local services.
While Ohio’s tax burden is moderate overall, experts say the local taxes are comparatively high. According to a calculation by the Tax Foundation in Washington, a conservative think tank, the average couple in Amelia was already paying about $1,400 in state income tax, $780 in state sales tax, $130 in local sales tax and $3,300 in property taxes. The new, 1 percent income tax worked out to about $615 extra a year.
“You have these different layers of taxation, and it is not always clear to individuals what they are getting for each layer they are paying,” said Greg R. Lawson, a research fellow at the Buckeye Institute, a free-market think tank in Columbus.  The mayor said the village had waited as long as it could but needed the money to help pay for roads and other expenses.
Faced with the prospect of digging into their pockets, residents in Amelia began to question the village council’s spending, including hundreds of thousands of dollars to upgrade village offices to a Victorian-style building, with a lion door-knocker, chandeliers on the ceiling and a gazebo in the backyard. (Mayor Hart said that officials had been cramped in their old offices and that buying the historic building was cheaper than new construction.)
“I would think every American would say, ‘What am I getting?’” said Renee Gerber, a former council member who was arrested while protesting during a meeting last year. “What am I getting for my money?”
Ms. Gerber, 57, soon launched a campaign for mayor. “We don’t want our hard-working dollars to be misspent,” she said.
But for many, the debate became not just a question of who should be running the village, but whether the village should even exist. Like other small communities across Ohio, Amelia is within a township, within a county.
 “That’s just too many layers of fat,” said Ed McCoy, 53, a salesman who drove around town with an “ax the tax” sign plastered prominently on his sedan and led a group in favor of dissolving the village.
“The best way to get rid of that fat,” he said, “is to start at the bottom.”
At least 130 municipalities across the country dissolved between 2000 and 2011, with an uptick after the start of the Great Recession of 2008, according to Michelle Wilde Anderson, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the trend. Since 2012, others dissolved or are in the process of doing so, including at least 12 in Ohio alone, according to the state auditor’s office.
“It’s a very dramatic remedy,” said Ms. Anderson, who found that local governments primarily disband for financial reasons, often because shrinking populations or reduced state funding make paying for basic services unsustainable. 
But Amelia was financially stable, with a population that had nearly doubled since 2000. In recent years, a Kroger supermarket opened on Main Street. New subdivisions sprouted up, advertising tidy suburban homes for starting prices around $180,000. Residents zipped up Interstate 275 for easy access to jobs in Cincinnati.
And so, a village known for being quaint and friendly — the story goes that it was named for the woman who operated the tollgate into town in the 1800s — found itself embroiled in a bitter fight.
Residents debated the village’s fate in dueling Facebook groups called “Wake Up,” “Free” and “Citizens to Save” Amelia. There were threats to boycott businesses. An anonymous letter urging residents to “defend our village” showed up in mailboxes. Mr. McCoy, the activist in favor of dissolving the village, stood outside a gas station in a clown suit, encouraging voters to “stop the clown show.”
 “This election was worse than any presidential election I’ve ever seen in my life,” said Steve Crawford, 56, who owns a flooring store and was among those who wanted to keep the village intact. He blamed much of the division on social media.
On Election Day, the vote to disband was decisive: 893-to-419. Whoops of celebration filled the night air. But there were also murmurs of regret. 
Amelia had its own police force, with a chief and six officers who knew many residents by name. Each week, a maintenance crew picked up leaves and other waste from yards. When a deer was struck by a car, “we’d come right out and pick it up,” Mayor Hart said.
Now, bigger townships will handle those kinds of services, raising fears among some residents that it could take the authorities longer to respond to drug overdoses or other emergencies.
But Johnny Parsons, 59, an insurance salesman, remained confident that the village did not provide anything he could not get for cheaper somewhere else. A supporter of President Trump, he celebrated by taping a piece of paper over his red hat so that it read “Make Amelia Great Again.”
“If you give people back more of their earnings, they can live a better lifestyle and buy things for their kids,” he said, instead of funding what he viewed as “endless stupidity and reckless spending.” A few doors down, Vickie Wenstrup, 60, a florist whose business sits just outside the town line, lamented the loss of the small touches that made the community feel like home. After Ms. Wenstrup was chosen to help decorate the White House for Christmas last year, the mayor issued a proclamation declaring a day in her honor. The proclamation hangs on the wall in her florist shop, next to a tile sign made by the local high school’s ceramics class.
That, she said, was the essence of “small-town America” and the kind of thing she feared would be missing in the new setup. Who would issue the next proclamation? Or hang military flags over the cemetery on Veterans Day? Would the annual toy drive for needy children at Christmas go on? “I’m very sad about it,” she said.  Even Ms. Gerber, the candidate for mayor who had originally pushed for the village to dissolve, was left with mixed emotions. On the same day that she was elected, the town voted to disband, making her, she joked, the “mayor-elect of ashes.”
(14)  We are currently experiencing unemployment claims at unprecedented levels, with many states potentially facing a shortfall in funds to pay claims in the near future.  In addition to expansion of the eligibility for unemployment, the Federal government also enacted the payroll protection program which was intended to provide funds for employers to continue to meet their payroll obligations.  The program is already coming under criticism.  If Congress enacts another relief package, how would you recommend these funds be distributed.  Please support your position using the fundamentals of R. Musgrave.
https://usafacts.org/visualizations/weekly-unemployment-claims/
https://usafacts.org/articles/these-are-states-receiving-most-350-billion-small-business-loans/
(15)  The COVID-19 crisis has impacted certain individuals and family units more than others.  The strain on the traditional safety net programs can be seen from an analysis of the preliminary data.
https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-recessions-effects-on-food-housing-and
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/04/30/american-workers-safety-net-is-broken-the-covid-19-crisis-is-a-chance-to-fix-it/
The change in the White House will likely lead to a different approach regarding the safety net and the programs which are provided.  Using the three roles of R. Musgrave, what would you recommend to the Federal government transition team as to correct for these inequities?  For each of the three roles, you should develop a proposal which you support and justify.
(16)  We know that voter participation in 2020 was well above the rates which were seen in the 2016 presidential elections.  Yet, history tells us that next year these rates will likely drop dramatically in what are equally important elections (mayor, local government representative).    The Teibout hypothesis helps explain local taxpayer fiscal decisions.  Explain the theory and describe how it could help us understand the lack of interest in local issues by taxpayers.
(17) This November, several states included on their respective ballots fiscal policy issues that would impact their State’s fiscal plan and taxpayers.  Pick two from this list, describing the proposal.  Is it progressive, regressive or proportional?  Your answer should indicate your understanding of these terms.   https://taxfoundation.org/2020-ballot-measure-election-results/
 
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Susan’s police report number ARL-18-498273.
Terrance’s witness statement.
Victim statement.
The initial police interrogation.
The jail incident reports.
The behavioral observations interview was at Arlington County Jail on Day 16.
The competency evaluation recording

 
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
The witness/victim report number ARL-18-498273 by officer Ted Fryberger at Arlington County Police Department indicates that Wilson Susan is accused of malicious wounding, child abuse and resisting arrest. She was arrested following a 911 call at 16:26hrs on day five by her 10-years-old son who had witnessed his mother stab his younger eight-year-old brother severally. Jason Wilson hit his mother with a lamp and dragged his brother into her mother’s bedroom and locked the door. Jason had stated that his mother was yelling while attempting to break into the bedroom. The emergency department dispatched officers Fryberger, Fox and Rahaim. When the officers arrived at the apartment, they found Ms Wilson Susan still yelling at her son and banging the door while saying “Open this damn door Jason, the Devil is coming for you both.” The officers broke in after an unsuccessful communication with Ms Wilson. When the door was opened, they found Ms Wilson still banging the door while holding a knife. She failed to comply on the request to drop the knife prompting the officers to deploy the taser. She dropped the knife and fell. She was cuffed by officer Rahaim.
The medical team arrived, and while they attended to Jason and Peter, Ms Wilson was struggling to get out of her cuffs saying that the little children were not safe and that she should be released so that she can kill them. While being transported to the police station, Ms Wilson kept saying strange things. She claimed that the young children would spend their lives in hell and it would be the fault of the police. The medical team managed to stabilise Wilson Peter and transported him to Virginia Hospital Center. Jason’s statement corroborated police report. Statement by Mr Terrance Jackson indicated potential mental instability. Mr Terrance thought that she disliked him because he was black hence her unwelcoming nature. The Poice interrogation reveals that she is mentally unstable.
 
 
SUMMARY OF INSTANT OFFENSE
Ms Wilson stabbed her son Peter, 14 times. Her elder son managed to hit his mother with a lamp, and dragged Peter in the room, locked it and called the 911. When the police arrived, they broke into the house and found Ms Wilson still holding the knife and attempting to break into her bedroom where the children had locked themselves. The police deployed the taser and restrained Ms Wilson, who had not responded to their call to drop the knife. While being moved to the police station, she claims that the police should allow her to kill them. She claimed that they would spend eternity in hell, and that would be the fault of the police. Neighbours had noticed her erratic behaviour, and on the day of her arrest, Mr Jackson reported to the police. Her responses to the police interrogation also prove that she is mentally disturbed. This report affirms that Ms Wilson is mentally disturbed.
 
 
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS:
“Clinical Interview” video: On “Day 16” at 14:30 hours in Arlington County Detention Center, in which the interview occurred, Susan was setting in a chair and there was a table in front of her. The room had yellowish wall and the light were kind of bright.
Appearance
Susan was wearing an orange jail uniform. Her hair was messy, and it wasn’t tied. She didn’t make any eye contact. In fact, she was looking around and blinking a lot. Also, under her eyes, were so red, that she looked so sick. Moreover, even though Susan is 27, she looks like she is younger from the way she talks.  She doesn’t look stable or normal by the way she moves her body and also, she move her hand around her hair a lot.
 
Behavior
Susan was respectful, she didn’t curse or yell at anyone. Susan’s movement was abnormal, she moved her body very often. Susan didn’t do any eye contact. In addition, she was looking everywhere but not to the people’s eyes. Susan’s rate of movement would be 8/10.
 
Mood and Affect:
Susan’s range affect was limited in some moments. For example, when she was asked if she have ever been in the hospital for anything other than her gallbladder surgery and her son’s birth, she didn’t reply, and she was only staring. On the other hand, her affect stability was normal because her affect changed in the right time. Susan’s affect was appropriate because she wasn’t happy in the interview and she did express a normal reaction, because she wasn’t laughing in the interview. Susan’s mood affect changed depending on the topics discussed in the interview. For example, in the beginning of the interview, when she was investigated, she was asked if she know why she is here. Susan was moving her body a lot and she was asking how I knew her name. After almost one minute, her mood changed when I asked her “can you tell me more about the lights.” Then, she started talking about the noises under her house and more. Susan than looked more comfortable, because she started to express her feeling, when she was asked too. Susan’s mood changed when the topic changed from investigating her to listing to her talking.
 
Speech
The rate of Susan’s speech is normal, she didn’t speak so fast or too slow. And the volume of her voice also normal, she is not too loud or even whispering. Her speech was clear, when it comes to her pronunciation. However, it is unclear when it comes to the quality of the speech, because her answers were unrelated to the questions that were asked to her. When it comes to her quantity of speech, it can be said that she talked a lot in the interview.
 
Cognition
In the interview Susan aperid in some moment that she is having hard time paying attention, concentrating, and remembering things. An example about her short-term memory, she asked “didn’t you say they were goanna turn off these lights?” and I told her that I couldn’t turn off the lights and I asked her “do you remember me saying that just a second ago?” Moreover, she then mentioned that sometimes she has hard time concentrating on things. In addition, when I asked her “so, you have hard time concentrating?” She was staring at me and she said “hooh.” Then, I asked her if she always found it hard to concentrate? after that she started talking about her teacher in school, which is not related to the topic and didn’t answer the question. On the other hand, Susan wasn’t asked any question that would display if she was orientated or not. It is unclear if from the interview if Susan was aware of what day and year it is or why she was there.
 
Thought Process
Her thoughts are not clear, because she is changing the topic a lot when speaking.
Moreover, she is mostly focused on the animals in her house and the lights. She seems obsess about them. Most of the topics she talked about were irrelevant to the subject. She had perseveration because she stayed in one idea, which was the animals in her house. She has delusions because she has false believed, which is that she thinks that she hears cats in her house and many more. She has paranoia because she has schizophrenia and she talk about things that are unrealistic.
 
Insight and judgment
She doesn’t belief that she has a mental illness, as a result; she doesn’t belief that she need a treatment. She also mentioned that the doctor wanted her to take medicine, but she thinks that she doesn’t need them.
 
Suicidality & Homicidality
Susan didn’t think about suiciding or even planning to do it in the future, because she believed that it is against the rule and it’s a sin. However, she wanted to kill her son’s, because she belives that she is pertecting them this way.
 
DIAGNOSIS
Introduction:
In order for someone to be diagnosed with schizophrenia they need to meet two or more of the following critiria for one-month period (duration) according to the DMS 5. The criteria include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. These criteria impact the individual’s work, self-care, etc.
 
The criteria required for Susan to qualify for a diagnosis of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. These criteria impact the individual’s work, self-care, etc. These are the criteria that Susan met for more than one-month period.
 
 
 
Delusion:
Susan meets the criteria for delusion based on the fact that she mentioned that the Devil was going to take her kids away. Moreover, in the police report, when she was asking her son to open the door for her, she stated “open this damn door Jason, the Devil is coming for you both.” She appears to believe that the Devil is coming for her kids.  She also mentioned “the little ones are not safe here. Why won’t you let me kill them?” Another example is that she believes that animals are living under her house. To illustrate more, during the behavioral observations interview she said, “There are owls under my house… Owls, cats, foxes, and other things.”
 
Hallucinations:
Susan meets the criteria for hallucinations because she keeps saying that she hears noises in her house. In fact, in the behavioral observations interview she mentioned “I hear the cats barking all the time.” Also, she has visual hallucinations and sees birds flying when there aren’t any. To explain more, in the initial police interrogation report she stated, “Then we can’t talk… not while the birds are flying.” She cannot recognize the difference between the reality and her imaginations. For example, she hears cats in her house even though there are no cats because none of the neighbors has cat. Another evidence from the Witness-Report-Terrance, said “She will come over and knock on my door to ask me if I have a cat (I do not) because she hears cat’s making noises.” Another fact that Terrance mentioned is that Pets are not allowed in their building.
 
Disorganized speech:
Susan also meets the criteria for disorganized speech, specifically frequent derailment, because she was jumping from one idea to another and her thought seemed to be frequently interrupted. Furthermore, in the behavioral observations interview, she appeared to be bothered by the light and asked if something can be done about it. Then all of the sudden she talked about a different topic and stated, “The people at the grocery store do a lot of talking, I see them staring at me whenever I’m there.” Also, when she was asked to speak more about the lights, she talked about a different topic and replied, “The owls make noises from under my house.” These quotes from Susan illustrate that her ideas and thoughts are not organized. Another example is that sometimes she repeats words and during the behavioral observations interview she repeated the word “talk” eight times “Talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk.”
 
Catatonic Behavior:
She experiences cognitive problems because she has hard time concentration. Additionally, in the behavioral observations interview, she mentioned “Sometimes I have a hard time concentrating on things.”  She was also looking down frequently. Moreover, she has stereotypy which explain her repetitive movements on touches her hair, for no reason. Another odd behavior, when she was asked if she was hospitalized for anything beside her labors and her gallbladder surgery she started to breathe heavily, and she didn’t want to reply. Finally, her action about closing the AC with pillows, was a weird behavior.
 
Negative Symptoms:
Susan meets the criteria for negative symptoms based on the fact that she lacks of emotion, no motivation, withdrawing from social situations and relationships. Susan doesn’t express any type of emotion like joy or sadness. She didn’t appear emotional at all. To illustrate, she didn’t have any face expression in the interview. She also didn’t show any anger, anxiety, disgust, excitement, fear, happiness, joy or sadness. She doesn’t show any motivation for anything. For example, when they took her for the interview, she was fine staying in there and she even mentioned that she wants to stay where they turn off the light early. She didn’t seem like she want to get out of this place so she can do her own stuff. And Susan show that she avoids social situations and relationships. For instance, she doesn’t say hi back to Terrance and she doesn’t let her kids either.
 
Interpersonal Relations and Self-Care:
Susan’s work, Interpersonal Relations and Self-Care are affected because of the symptoms she is experiencing. For example, Susan doesn’t have a job and no employer would hire her due to her symptoms mentioned above. In addition, Terrance from the Witness-Report mentioned that She gets some disability services due to her condition. The relationship between Susan and her neighbors are not good because when Terrance greets her and her kids, she would tell her kids to not say hi back to him. He even thought that is was because he is black man, but he mentioned that “it is something else.” And “Susan is always paranoid.” Also, as mentioned previously in the behavioral section, Susan doesn’t take care of herself because of her appearance during the interview; she looked tired and had redness under her eyes, and her hair was not tied and messy.
 
Duration:
During her interview she mentioned that she has concentration issue since she was young. Also, she mentioned that the second time she lived in her grandma’s house, when she was young, she started to hear noises. She said “Her house got weird after I quit school…”  Terrance also mentioned that two weeks ago, he noticed Susan’s odd behavior when she closed the vents on AC system with pillows and taped over top of them which led to throwing the whole system off for everyone in the third floor. Therefore, Susan has been experiencing the symptoms explained above for a long time.
 
Statement of Diagnosis of Schizophrenia:
Finally, Susan is diagnosed with schizophrenia because she meets more than one of the DSM 5 criteria such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. These criteria impact the individual’s work, self-care, etc. These are the criteria that Susan met for more than one-month period.
 
Substance use disorder: 
Susan could be possibly be diagnosed with a substance use disorder. However, more information is required in order to make a diagnosis.
 
Future directions and/or changes in diagnosis:
There is a possibility to update Susan’s current diagnosis if anything changed in the situation, more information was provided, such as information about the medications that the doctors prescribed to Susan, why Susan’s mother didn’t want her, why she kept moving from one place to another and why she quit school. This information will help update Susan’s current diagnosis.
 
 
 
 
TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
 
 
Need for Treatment:
Susan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia since she meets more than one of the DSM 5 criteria, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. Susan requires treatment to be in a position to work, take care of herself and her family and co-exist well with her neighbors. Before she was incarcerated, Susan experienced delusions, whereby she believed that the devil was coming to take away her children. Therefore, the best way to address the situation, according to her, was to kill them. She was also experiencing hallucinations as she heard the noises of different animals, which she believed lived under her house. Susan, while incarcerated, could not take care of herself because her hair was messy, and her eyes were red may be due to paranoia.
 
 
Need for Medication:
Susan requires psychiatric intervention, including medication. Antipsychotics help to ease the symptoms, for example, delusions and hallucinations. Susan also needs to be referred to a jail psychiatrist who can help offer the therapy required to manage her condition and live everyday life in jail. Individual therapy can help Susan know how to deal with their thoughts and behaviors.
 
 
Justification of Medication:
There is a need for Susan to receive psychiatric medication because it is possible for her situation to improve after using the medication. According to Hagger et al. (1993), psychiatric medication such as clozapine can help improve psychopathology and cognitive function. The use of medication such as Clozapine can help Susan her to concentrate, organize her speech, and be able to remember things and pay attention. According to Ascher-Svanum et al. (2006), patient outcomes of schizophrenic patients tend to improve among patients who adhere to medications. Susan ought to take medication to reduce her hallucinations, paranoia, and anxiety, among other issues.
 
 
Appropriateness of Group Therapy:
For Susan, the symptoms that she experiences for schizophrenia may make it difficult for her to participate in group therapy. Susan is mentally disturbed, she cannot concentrate, and therefore this can make it difficult for the instructed psychotherapist to coordinate the group.
 
 
 
Need for Individual or Group Therapy – Medication Adherence:
Compliance training can be used to help Susan to adhere to taking medications. This therapy aims to educate the patient on the importance of taking medication to improve the likelihood that the patient will stick to their medication regimens.
 
 
Need for Individual or Group Therapy –  Description of Chosen Therapy for “Medication Adherence”:
 
Medication adherence is the ability of patients to take medication as prescribed. Compliance training allows patients to understand why they have to take drugs as recommended by a physician. A patient has to undergo the training until they know what and why they need to do it. The idea is that exercise can help remove ignorance and misunderstanding that hinder many from taking medications.
 
Need for Individual or Group Therapy –  Insight Into Mental Illness:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is appropriate for Susan because it is a short-term therapy that aims to solve problems. It helps teach individuals with schizophrenia different coping skills to help them manage their conditions (Steel, 2013). This therapy is often given once per week for a period of 12 to 16 weeks. CBT will help Susan know how to cope with her behaviors. It can help her be able to function independently, reduce distress, and manage their schizophrenia.
 
 
Need for Individual or Group Therapy –  Description of Chosen Therapy for “Insight Into Mental Illness”:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a technique that is employed to help patients with mental illness to cope with their behaviors. The length it takes for CBT to be completed is 12 to 16 weeks. The process involves the participation of mentally ill patients in helping each other change their personalities and characters in a supervised environment. The idea is that people, while in group therapy, can influence each other to change their behaviors and start to live normal lives.
 
Need for Individual or Group Therapy in the Future – Issues Related to Depression and Anxiety:
Taking psychiatric medication has side effects. Susan can experience depression and anxiety related to her past actions, where she hurts her son. It could also emerge due to her family situation criminal actions. Treatment for these issues will be provided when they arise.
 
Benefits and Complications Associated With Treating Susan While Incarcerated:
The benefit of treating Susan while she is incarcerated is that it can reduce the symptoms she has been experiencing while serving her jail term. The complication is that it can be difficult for her to receive the right care because her situation being in jail limits her interaction with psychotherapists, medications, and care.
 
 
MACARTHUR COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT

Follow syllabus and lectures for instructions on how to write this section.

 
ULTIMATE OPINION ON COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL

Follow syllabus and lectures for instructions on how to write this section.
There should be no new information in this section. Jut a review of the Dusky standard and how it applies to Susan’s presentation, in addition to a clearly articualted position on competnecy to stand trial.

 
 
 
 
REFERENCES
Include your DSM reference
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Ascher-Svanum, H., Faries, D. E., Zhu, B., Ernst, F. R., Swartz, M. S., & Swanson, J. W. (2006). Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. The Journal of clinical psychiatry.
Hagger, C., Buckley, P., Kenny, J. T., Friedman, L., Ubogy, D., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1993). Improvement in cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine. Biological psychiatry, 34(10), 702-712.
Steel, C. (2013). CBT for schizophrenia: Evidence-based interventions and future directions. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, Blackwell.
 
 
 
 
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Introduction
Give an overview/context for the topic that was explored

Example: Urban development increases run-off of stormwater from impervious surfaces, which can lead to flooding if sites haven’t been engineered to collect and infiltrate that stormwater.  Stormwater can also pick up and carry nutrients downhill to collect in rives, lakes, ponds, or stormwater basins.  Cite references to support these ideas with (author, year) at the end of relevant sentences.  Include full citation in a List of References at the end. Two possible references are provided in the Soil and Nutrients lab folder.

Get more specific about the area where you collected data and the specific questions you asked—Stetson campus. Three questions found in the spreadsheet.
BREIFLY state what you measured to address the questions
Set up and then present your hypothesis.

Methods
Describe the field site where you collected data—what city or county, near what landmarks or roads, date, weather conditions
Describe the field methods you used to collect the raw data—map assessment of areas of each land use type, basin infiltration rates, basin soil nutrients.
Explain how you further manipulated the data to answer your questions (calculation of Qc for campus and basins
Describe any statistical methods you applied– plotting of Infiltration vs each nutrient to get R2 value—the Regression co-efficient to determine how strongly infiltration rate influences nutrient concentrations.

 
III.  Results

Present summaries of the data in tables or graphs. There is no need to print out several sheets of paper of the raw data.
Describe WITH WORDS the trends in the data that you are presenting in tables or graphs.

Discussion
Summarize the results and interpret the significance of your results
Revisit your hypothesis in light of your results. Do your results support your hypothesis? Why or why not?
Explore how your results inform the larger themes developed at the beginning—do they lend support to the general concepts you described, or do they suggest there might be better explanations or frameworks for the patterns you saw? Include at least two references here with proper citation (author, year) and inclusion in the List of References.
If appropriate, describe any weaknesses of your study and what could be done in the future to improve the study. (Keep this section short. It is not the most important part of your discussion.)

E..  Did any new questions arise from this field study that you would explore further if given the time and opportunity?
 

List of References (in alphabetical order by first author’s last name)

Use this format:
Last name, First initials, and [additional names]. Year. Title of article. Journal name volume # : Page # range
 
Example:
Anderson, W.B. and D.A. Wait. 2001.  Subsidized island biogeography hypothesis: a new twist on an old theory.  Ecology Letters 4:289-291.
 
 
**Extra tips:
* It is inappropriate in scientific writing to make irrelevant statements of opinion.  For example, “I thought the forest was really pretty.” Or, “I wish we didn’t have to collect data in the cold and pouring rain.”
* You need to cite sources of information you are referencing in your introduction and discussion.  Please also include a List of References.
*It is very important that each student write his or her own report independently.  Although all students will have access to the same data, each student will present and interpret the data in their own way.
 
FORMAT FOR LABORATORY REPORTS
STETSON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND STUDIES
Basic Formatting:
 

Margins:
1” all sides

Font size:
12 pt.

Pagination:
Arabic numeral, consistent placement throughout

Spacing within paragraphs:
Single space within paragraphs

New paragraph:
Double space  after ending each paragraph

Section Headings:
Align headings for Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Literature Cited on left margin. Double space after each section heading. Use consistent font & formatting for section headings. Do not start each section on a new page unless it works out that way coincidentally.

Tables and Figures:
Number consecutively and incorporate within the paper body.

References
 
Name-Year System (described in detail below): List references in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name.

 
GRADING RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY REPORTS
STETSON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND STUDIES
Total Points: _______/100

 
TITLE
Concisely describes the lab exercise
POINTS RECEIVED /POINTS POSSIBLE
____ /3
 

INTRODUCTION
Provides an ecological or environmental theoretical framework for the study, demonstrating a clear need for further investigation of the topic.
Links to at least two outside reference sources and the sources are cited correctly
States hypotheses that brings in knowledge and context from class lectures and lab discussion
 
____ /6
 
____ /6
 
____ /6
 
 

METHODS
Contains a detailed description of the field sites
Contains a written description of how the field methods
Contains a description of how data were analyzed
 
____ /3
____ /6
____ /3
 

RESULTS
Includes written, past tense, summary of data of sufficient detail without repeating information in tables and figures; summarizes key findings without interpreting the findings (save that for discussion)
Contains appropriate tables and figures
Tables and figures are explicitly referred to in text (Table 1, Figure 1, etc.)
Figures and tables are clearly labeled (Table 1, Figure 1, etc.) and properly configured
 
 
____ /6
 
____ /6
____ /2
____ /5
 

DISCUSSION
Explains and interprets the results, including a statement as to whether the original hypothesis was supported.
Conclusions are logical and follow from the data presented, and do not contradict the outcomes of the statistical tests
Compares results and conclusions to other relevant research from at least two citable sources; if appropriate, include speculation as to why results are different than expected; may suggest an idea for additional studies or experiments that might resolve remaining questions
 
____ /6
 
 
____ /6
 
 
____ /6
 

REFERENCES
References utilized were appropriate given the context of the study and
citations were from approved sources (e.g. avoid stand-alone web pages
and your textbook)
In alphabetical order, in Name-Year Format
 
____ /3
 
____ /3
 

OVERALL
Appropriate sections included, all of appropriate length and detail. Included information is in the appropriate section.
Formatted correctly (margins, spacing, indentation etc.)
Free of grammatical and spelling errors
Sophistication (depth of content, clarity of exposition)
 
 
____ /6
____ /3
____ /10
____ /5

 
 
 
What to Include In a Reference List:
 
Never include in a reference list a document you have not seen. When it is not possible to see an original document, cite the source of your information, do not cite the original assuming that the secondary source is correct. When a reference is available in both print and electronically, always cite the specific version seen. Electronic and print versions can differ significantly.
 
The most common ‘citable’ reference items include:
 
Articles from peer-reviewed journals
Books
Book chapters (not encyclopedias)
Technical reports
 
Note: A standalone web page that is not published as a peer review article, book, book chapter, or technical report does not count as a reference. You may utilize websites as a starting point for finding other literature, but you must find and use original “citable” literature for the references in your final lab reports.
 
There are a variety of reference citation formats used by different disciplines and even different journal publications within the same disciplines. Although style varies from one journal to the next, most scientific publications use variations of the Name-Year format. All reports submitted for the Introduction to Environmental Studies and Science course should use the Name-Year format utilized by the Ecological Society of America and as outlined below.
 
Name-Year System for Citing References
 
Journal Article with Single Author
 
In-text reference:
 
Student input into experimental design has been shown to greatly increase student understanding within the field of climatology (Abbott 2007).
 
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
 
Abbott, J . A. 2007. Measuring thermal variation in a valley environment using a team, filed project designed by students. Journal of Geography 105:121-128.
 
The general format for citing a journal article with a single author is:
 
Last name, First initial. Second initial. Date. Title. Journal title volume number:pages.
 
 
Journal Article with Two Authors
 
 
 
In-text reference:
 
Production of corn biofuels in Florida shows much higher water consumption footprint and nitrogen loading burden than biofuels produced from sweet sorghum (Evans and Cohen 2009).
 
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
 
Evans, J. M. and M. J. Cohen. 2009. Regional water resource implications of bioethanol production in the Southeastern United States. Global Change Biology 15: 2261-2273.
 
The general format for citing a journal article with two authors is:
 
Last name, First initial. Second initial. and First initial. Second initial. Last name.
Date. Title. Journal title volume number:pages.
 
Journal Article with More Than Two Authors*
 
In-text reference:
 
Highly localized nutrient and pulsed rainfall inputs exert complex controls on the food chains and biodiversity patterns of shorebird islands (Anderson et al. 2008).
 
*Note the use of “et al.” for the in-text citation where there are more than two authors
 
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
 
Anderson, W. B., D. A. Wait, and P. Stapp. 2008. Resources from another place and time: Responses to pulses in a spatially subsidized system. Ecology 89:660-670.
 
The general format for citing a journal article with more than two authors is:
 
Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Title. Journal title volume number:pages.
 
Books
In text-reference:
Coarse particulate organic matter is an important food source for shredders (Hauer and Lamberti 1996).
 
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
Hauer, F. R. and G. A.  Lamberti. 1996. Methods in Stream Ecology, First Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
The general format for citing a book with more than two authors is:
Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Book title. Publisher, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.
Books on the Internet
If a book is located from an internet source, include the web link at the end of the citation: 
Hauer, F. R. and G. A. Lamberti. 2007. Methods in Stream Ecology, Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123329080.
Book Chapters
In text-reference:
Nutrients play a controlling role in the physiology of herbaceous plants and the competitive interactions between herb species in the forest environment (Anderson 2003).
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
Anderson, W. B. 2003. Biotic and abiotic influences on the herbaceous layer: Nutrients. Pages 91-104 in F. S. Gilliam and M. R. Robert, editors. Ecology of the Herbaceous Layer of Forests of Easter North America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.   
Please note that the “in” before the editor names is italicized. 
The general format for citing a book chapter is:
Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Date. Chapter title. Pages in First initial. Second initial. Last name and First initial. Second initial. Last name, editors. Book title. Publisher name, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.
Technical Reports
A technical report is “a separately issued record of research results, research in progress, or other technical studies”. Most technical reports are issued by governmental agencies, but may also originate from universities or other types of research institutions. Advocacy organizations also sometimes issue technical reports, but technical reports from such advocacy groups should only be used with great caution.
 
In text-reference:
Use of tidal backflow preventers on stormwater outfall pipes was shown to be a cost-effective action for reducing flood risks due to sea-level rise in Tybee Island, GA, over the next thirty years (Evans et al. 2016).
In the References section, this source would be cited as:
Evans, J. M., J. Gambill, R .J. McDowell, P. W. Prichard, and C. S. Hopkinson. 2016. Tybee Island Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Plan. Project NA100AR4170098. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Georgia Sea Grant, Athens, Georgia, USA. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289999590_Tybee_Island_Sea-Level_Rise_Adaptation_Plan.
The general format for citing a technical report is:
Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Last name. Document title. Report number. Government agency, Agency division, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.
 
Websites
As noted previously, standalone websites do not count as a “citable source” for your lab reports and, therefore, should not be included in your References section. However, you can provide an in-text reference to a website from a credible source that you use for specific information not readily found elsewhere. This in-text reference should include a link to the original webpage that has the information you are referencing and the date you accessed the page.
In text-reference:
The latest United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant profile map for Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) shows this species as native to Florida (http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PIST2; accessed August 28, 2016).
 
If you find a reference that poses difficulty for you to fit into the citation format below, please bring that reference to your lab instructor for assistance.
Calculating Carbon Emissions and Storage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Estimate carbon in the emissions from your vehicle
 

Calculate how many gallons of fuel your vehicle burns through each year.

 
Option A:
How many miles do you drive each year?
(Or, how many miles per month x 12)
What is the average mpg of your vehicle?
 
Miles driven per year / mpg = __909___gallons
 
 

Calculate how much CO2 the fuel you use in your vehicle emits per year.

 
For each gallon of gasoline, 8.93 kg of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere.
For each gallon of diesel, 11.19 kg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere.
 
How many kg of CO2 does your vehicle emit each year?
 
 
Mass of CO2 from your vehicle =
 
_909___ gallons x ___8.93____kg/gallon = __8117.37___kg of CO2
 
 

Extrapolate to Miami community (3000 students + 500 employees), assuming that the average emissions for this class is representative of the Miami community:

 
Mass of CO2 emitted (kg) x 3,500 drivers = _28,409,500____kg CO2/yr
Estimate Wood Volume
 

Choose 3 large oak trees with relatively large and straight trunks.

Treat each tree as a cylinder of wood. To calculate the volume of a cylinder, you need to know height and radius:   V = h x P r2

To determine the height of the tree, use the tree height gauge and a transect tape to measure distance between you and the tree at the point where you can sight the tree through the scope on the leveled gauge. Be sure to add your own height to the distance.  This should be in meters.

To determine the radius, wrap a “dbh” (diameter at breast height) tape around the circumference of the tree at chest height. This tape automatically converts the circumference to diameter.  Divide the diameter in half to get the radius.  This will be in centimeters.  Convert to meters.  (Be sure to square the radius, then, for the volume formula.)

 
Oak cylinder volume (m3) = Height (m) x P x Radius2 (m)
 
Estimate Tree Carbon Content
 
Oak trees weigh, on average, 1240 kg per m3 of volume.  How many kg of wood are in your tree?
 
Mass of oak tree (kg) = Volume (m3) x 1,240 kg/m3
Of that mass, 37.5% is Carbon.
 
Mass of carbon in oak tree (kg) = Mass (kg) x 0.375
 

Tree #
Height (m)
Diameter (m)
Radius (m)
Volume (m3)
Total Mass (kg)
Mass of Carbon (kg)

 1
 21.3
 0.85
 0.425
 12.08
14979.2
5617.2

 2
 19.1
 0.91
 0.455
12.42
15400.8
5775.3

 3
 18.5
 1.2
 0.6
20.93
25944.2
9732.45

 
Close the Loop on Carbon!
 

After estimating the amount of carbon stored in an average size oak tree, which we will assume is 50 years old, determine how much carbon was taken up each year (if uptake occurs at a constant rate).

 
Average carbon mass in trees (kg) / 50 years = ___140.83____ kg C / year
 

How many trees would you need to plant to take up the carbon that you emit each year from your vehicle?

 
Your C emissions / Mass of C taken up by the tree per year = _____57_______
 

How many trees does Miami University need to maintain to take up the carbon emitted from 3,500 students and employees? 201729

 
Do trees or soils store more carbon per acre?
Organic carbon is also stored in soils. While we aren’t measuring soil carbon this semester because it involves too much inside lab time to process those samples, I will share data with you that you can use to compare.
 
In Miami’s actively manicured landscapes, mean soil % carbon = 2%
In Miami’s more natural areas, mean soil % carbon = 5%
In Miami’s retention basins (at the bottom), mean soil % carbon = 13%
 
Reach back to your second lab report to review the current land use designations for the Stetson campus. Consider the areas that are currently in these types of landscaped uses vs. those areas that are currently in other uses (parking lots, roads, sidewalks, buildings)
 
How can Miami achieve climate neutrality?
Explore ways that Miami could achieve NET ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS from student and employee vehicles?  (Think about BOTH sides of the equations:  How much is emitted and how much is taken up and stored in vegetation and soils?)
 
How else does Miami (the physical campus and its students/employees) produce carbon emissions?   How could those emissions be reduced or eliminated?
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(2 pts.) In order for life to exist on Planet Earth, life forms require a source of energy.  Indicate the possible source(s) of energy for life on earth.

Photosynthesis
Geothermal energy
Nuclear energy
Chemosynthesis
Tidal forces
Biosynthesis
Dehydration synthesis
Phosphosynthesis

(5 pts.)  In oxidation-reduction reactions (which statements are true):

Electrons are transferred back and forth between molecules called carriers
Transfer of electrons is asymmetrical
A substance that gains an electron is said to be reduced
Only reduction occurs in photorespiration
When redox occurs anaerobically, there is third party participation
A substance that loses an electron is said to be oxidized
Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur in pairs
The function of redox in energy metabolism is to release energy for ATP synthesis.

(6 pts.) Enzyme reaction rates are a function of temperature, as illustrated in the graph.  Among the statements below, indicate which is true and which is false

The slope of the line at position “1” shows that the reaction rate is at equilibrium.
Position “2” identifies the temperature optimum for this enzyme’s reaction rate

iii.  The slope of the line at position “3” shows that high temperature stabilizes enzyme activity
 

(2 pts.) True/False:  In the photosynthetic dark reaction, the Krebs Cycle (AKA the Citric Acid Cycle) in the chloroplast stroma is responsible for ATP production

(10 pts.) Match the term with its definition

Cross
Inbred
Parental Generation
F1
F2
Phenotype
Genotype
Backcross
Testcross
Allele

 
Mating an individual to itself
To prove an individual’s zygosity
Breeding of two plants or animals
Visible characteristics
The original individuals crossed
Di-hybrid
Progeny of a cross
All loci are homozygous
Progeny of a cross between two F1s
Alternate form of a gene
Symbolic gene representation
Mating progeny to parent
Inbreeding depression
 

(6 pts.)  Enzyme activity is a function of both pH and temperature.

From the graph on the left, describe what happens to the enzyme’s activity as its environment varies from pH 5 to pH 10.
From the graph on the right, indicate the color of the arrow pointing to increasing temperature causing an increase in enzyme activity
From the graph on the right, indicate the color of the arrow pointing to enzyme denaturation.

(4 pts.)  A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true breeding short pea plant.  Tall is dominant to short.  What will be the genotypes and the phenotypes of the F1 offspring? The F2’s?

(2 pts.) Choose among the following statements:

All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.
All proteins are enzymes but not all enzymes are proteins
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

(6 pts.) In the graph below, enzyme reaction rates are plotted against pH.  On the graph are two curves, each labelled with the names of enzymes.  Indicate the human body part, or the type of environment, in which you would expect to find each of these enzymes.

(4 pts.) Color blindness is a sex-linked trait.  A male who is colorblind has children with a woman who is a carrier for the colorblindness allele. What is the likelihood that their children will be colorblind?

(2 pts.)  Humans have been genetically modifying living organisms since the dawn of agriculture, about 13,000 years ago.  The technology used over all these eons employs fertilizing _________ with ________.

(4 pts.)  Gregor Mendel was first to demonstrate the existence of genes, despite many experiments in breeding that had preceded him.  What two pioneering things did Mendel do that no one prior to him had done, which enabled him to be successful?

(5 pts.) Chemiosmosis is a critical step in ATP production.  Indicate which items below are true about chemiosmosis.

It occurs during oxidative phosphorylation but not photophosphorylation

It generates ATP by passing electrons across a semipermeable membrane
It is a catabolic process

The source of electrons for chemiosmosis is the Electron Transport Chain
It is part of the Calvin Cycle
It is part of the Krebs Cycle

It is an anabolic process.

(5 pts.) You are driving North on CA State Route 67 toward Ramona, and as you look out on the hillsides you are passing, you notice the gray-green color of the Chaparral and admire the ability of this plant community to thrive in a harsh semi-desert.  Suddenly, there appears a sharp color contrast in the vegetation: several bright orange patches against the drab gray-green of the Chaparral.  There are no orange patches appearing alone, in the absence of Chaparral, on any of the hillsides you are passing.  Given what you have learned about the green pigment chlorophyll and its requirement to sustain life (directly or indirectly), how would you explain the orange patches that you see?

(2 pts.) Products made by recombinant DNA technology (designated GMOs) are often controversial, whereas products resulting from sperm/egg technology are readily accepted.  The resolution for this differential treatment is that any new product should be evaluated by the balance between its __________ and its ___________, not by the technology used to produce it.

(8 pts.) Photosynthesis and Respiration are complementary processes in which the products of one reaction are used as reactants in the opposite reaction.  To fill in the blanks below, choose among the following terms:

 
Glucose, H2O, O2, CO2 (each term will be used more than once)
 
In Photosynthesis, 6 molecules of ________ + 6 molecules of ___________ + sunlight produce 1 molecule of _________ + 6 molecules of ___________
 
In Respiration, 1 molecule of _________ + 6 molecules of __________ are used to produce 6 molecules of ________ + 6 molecules of__________ + energy.
 

(3 pts.) Enzymes within a cell mediate thousands of chemical reactions at any given point in time.  Despite the cell’s requirement for them, enzymes are structurally fragile and may be damaged in a process known as “denaturation”.  Indicate environmental changes that may denature an enzyme.

Light wavelength change from red to blue
pH
Substrate concentration
Temperature shift
Ionic strength
Feed back inhibition

(1 pt.) True/False: Denaturation results when the secondary structure of an enzyme is damaged.

(5 pts.)  The main components of a chloroplast are:

Vacuole
Thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Mitochondrion
Grana
Endoplasmic reticulum
Outer membrane
Golgi apparatus
Thylakoid compartment

(5 pts.)  There is an urgent need for a vaccine against the Corona Virus.  The basic component of most antiviral vaccines is a viral protein, to which the vaccinated host makes antibodies. The pharmaceutical company Pfizer recently announced a promising new vaccine for Corona Virus.  Pfizer’s vaccine is unusual in that it is not a viral protein.  Based on what you have learned in this class about the structure of the Corona Virus, Sars-Cov-2, what can you deduce to be the basis of the Pfizer vaccine, given that it’s not protein

(3 pts.) Most enzymes do not act alone when they catalyze a reaction.  From the list below indicate those that can serve as enzyme companions.

Metal atoms such as magnesium
Phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine
Pigments such as heme
Guanosine triphosphate
Disaccharides such as sucrose
Vitamins such as pantothenic acid

(4 pts.) Both evolution and adaptation involve changes in phenotype, yet they differ significantly from each other.  From this list, indicate the true statements.

Adaptation is a reversible change
The Pepper Moth case is an example of adaptation
Evolution represents a genetic change
Adaptation results in appearance of new species
In adaptation, individuals adjust to short term environmental changes
Evolution reflects both genotypic and phenotypic changes
Seasonal changes in an animal’s coat color are an indication of evolution

(6 pts.) Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the list below:

 
All species in the genus ___1___ evolved in Africa.  Ancestors of modern humans left Africa about ___2___ ago and were confronted with the problem of living in a harsh northern climate.  They evolved relatively quickly to their new environment by___3___ with H. neanderthalensis, who had migrated out of Africa 340,000 years earlier.  Traits acquired by H. sapiens from H. neanderthalensis include light-colored ___4___ and straight ___5___.  We know much about the relatedness of humans and Neanderthals because of recent technological advances, especially ___6___
 
 
Hair
Fighting
60,000 years
Appendages
PCR
Homo
Gorilla
Skin
Ears
mating
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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