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2 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells Student’s Name

2

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Background of the study

Coronaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses that frequently cause the common cold. On the other hand, coronaviruses have the potential to be lethal in some circumstances. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has spread around the globe in 2019, producing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The second coronavirus is a human-infecting virus (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is responsible for the propagation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is currently causing the worldwide coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) (ACE2). COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the health, economic, and social lives of nearly 60 million people globally. SARS-CoV-2 infected 60 million people and COVID-19 killed 1.4 million, wreaking havoc on global health, economic, and social systems. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infects human host cells is unknown at the moment. The recent work demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is capable of initiating cell communication in lung vascular cells on its own. When human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells were treated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit, MEK phosphorylation was activated.

Coronavirus 2 is the pathogen responsible for the current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which causes severe acute respiratory illness (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 vaccines are designed to specifically target the virus’s spike protein. Although the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein promotes membrane fusion and viral entry into human lung vascular cells, COVID-19 patients died with thicker pulmonary vascular walls, demonstrating a relationship between the spike protein and the deadly condition known as pulmonary arterial hypertension. On the other hand, the spike protein serves a purpose other than facilitating membrane fusion and viral entrance (PAH). The presence of gp120, the HIV viral membrane fusion protein, has been found to enhance cell signaling in a similar manner to that of SARS-CoV spike proteins, and long-term HIV-positive patients have a high rate of developing PAH. The spike protein’s potential effects on pulmonary vascular cells are examined, as is the idea that the spike protein contributes to the increased risk of PAH. With millions of individuals likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine containing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it is vital to understand the protein’s biological effects on human cells to ensure that it does not cause long-term harm to human health.

Introduction

This protein is essential for the virus to attach to the receptor on the surface of the host cell, allowing the viral and host cell membranes to fuse and facilitate viral entrance into the host cell. The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in 2019 is caused by coronavirus 2, which has been associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has infected roughly 75 million individuals and killed 1.7 million. The epidemic’s devastation has had a tremendous economic and social impact, and the world is still searching for a way to halt this horrific affliction. Severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are caused by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus infection. While younger persons exhibit only mild symptoms or are asymptomatic when infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, older patients with pre-existing cardiovascular illness are particularly vulnerable to developing severe diseases and eventually dying. This characteristic distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses and may have aided in the virus’s destruction. To design COVID-19 therapy techniques, it may be required to first identify these features of the illness.

scientific question asked

methods

Our results show that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is capable of activating the MEK/ERK pathway in pulmonary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells, which suggests that cell growth signaling may be triggered in the pulmonary vascular walls in response to SARS-CoV-2

Cell culture

The smooth muscle and endothelial cells utilized in this investigation were provided by ScienCell Research Laboratories (Carlsbad, CA, USA), whilst Cell Applications provided the rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells used in this work (San Diego, CA, USA). The cells were extracted after being cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 as directed by the manufacturer. Cell signaling and protein phosphorylation were investigated by cultivated cells overnight at passages 3–6 in a medium containing a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (0.4 percent), as is frequently done in cell signaling and protein phosphorylation experiments [13].

Using either the full-length S1 subunit of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Val16 – Gln690) with a molecular weight of 75 kDa (RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) or the RBD subunit of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Arg319 – Phe541) with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (RayBiotech) (RayBiotech). To suppress enzyme activity, some cells were pretreated for one hour with an anti-ACE2 rabbit antibody (Catalog # 4355; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

Results

According to a new study released in October 2020 on the preprint service bioRxiv*, when vascular cells in lung tissue are exposed exclusively to the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), they begin to create signaling growth factors. Our findings may suggest to future therapy targets for this disorder due to the association between this signaling pathway and poorer outcomes in this condition. Previously conducted research revealed that people infected with COVID-19 may have cardiovascular and pulmonary complications. The great majority of patients experience respiratory symptoms, whereas a minority percentage have severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (ARDS). On the other hand, individuals over the age of 65 and those with a history of cardiovascular disease are disproportionately at risk of getting a severe and urgent COVID-19 infection. One of the objectives of this research is to have a better understanding of how the virus affects the targeted tissues and organs. Due to its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the spike protein is assumed to be essential for virus entry into the host cell (ACE2). It consists of two subunits: S1 contains the ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and S2 facilitates the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the virus to enter the host cell upon attachment.

conclusion snd Opinion of validity of conclusions

In this study, it was demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and HIV gp120 are capable of beginning cell biological events that may result in pulmonary vascular remodeling and, potentially, clinically severe PAH, a potentially fatal condition. Given that cells in cultured cells respond to pM concentrations of the spike protein, it is possible that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein not only facilitates viral entry and acts as an antigen for vaccines, but also targets host cells, which may have adverse effects. Additional research is needed to ascertain the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on PAH formation. It is also necessary to explore the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on cells from other tissues/organs, including as the systemic vasculature, the heart, and the brain. With millions, if not billions, of people relying on this protein to protect them from SARS-CoV-2, it is vital to understand the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s extracellular and intracellular effects on human cells, as these effects may have long-term detrimental health ramifications

2 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells Student’s Name

Paper details Topic is about Hurricanes: 1-what causes Hurricanes, 2-Devestation, 3- How to be prepared for Hurricane.But they must Essay Writing Assignment Help 2

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Background of the study

Virus infections are Human pathogens that produce positive-sense RNA and are frequently responsible for colds. On the other hand, coronaviruses can be lethal in some circumstances. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has spread around the globe in 2019, causing SARS (SARS). The second coronavirus infects humans (SARS-CoV-2). Insulin-like growth factor enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is the cause of the current global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) (ACE2). COVID-19 has harmed nearly 60 million people’s health, economic, and social life. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 infected 60 percent of the population, and COVID-19 killed 1.4 million. It is yet unknown how Severe acute respiratory infect host body cells or what mechanism is at work. Severe acute respiratory spike peptide has recently been shown in several investigations to be capable of initiating cell contact in lung vascular cells. When human artery blood vascular smooth or endothelial cells were exposed to manufactured Severe acute respiratory spike protein S1 subunit, phosphorylation was induced.

Coronavirus 2 is the infection that causes severe acute respiratory sickness’s current pandemic (COVID-19). COVID-19 vaccinations target the virus’ spike protein. Although the, It is yet unknown how Severe acute respiratory infect host body cells or what mechanism is at work. Severe acute respiratory spike peptide has recently been shown in several investigations to be capable of initiating cell contact in lung vascular cells. When human artery blood vascular smooth or endothelial cells were exposed to manufactured Severe acute respiratory spike protein S1 subunit, phosphorylation was induced spike protein promotes membrane fusion and viral entry into human lung vascular cells, COVID-19 patients died with thicker pulmonary vascular walls, demonstrating a relationship between the spike protein and the deadly condition known as pulmonary arterial hypertension. On the other hand, the spike protein serves a purpose other than facilitating membrane fusion and viral entrance (PAH). With gp120, the HIV viral membrane fusion protein, cell signaling is enhanced, similar to Severe acute respiratory spike proteins, and lengthy HIV-positive individuals develop PAH. The spike protein’s effects on pulmonary vascular cells are investigated, as is the spike protein’s role in PAH risk. With millions of people expected to get the COVID-19 vaccine carrying the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it is essential to understand its biological impact on human cells.

Introduction

This protein is required for the virus to connect to the receptor on the host cell’s surface, allowing both viral replication cell membranes to merge and permit viral entry. Coronavirus 2 is the cause of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in 2019, which has been linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome. COVID-19 has infected 75 million people, dead 1.7 million of them. The epidemic’s destruction has had a significant social and economic impact, and the globe is still looking for a means to end this terrible disease(Suzuki et al., 2021). Severe acute respiratory is a lung virus that causes severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. When afflicted with respiratory distress syndrome, younger generations show no symptoms, while older persons with coronary heart disease are more likely to develop disastrous conditions and die. This characteristic distinguishes Severe acute respiratory from other respiratory viruses and could have aided in the virus’s elimination. Before creating COVID-19 therapeutic techniques, it may be required to recognize these COVID-19 symptoms.

Scientific Question asked

What impacts does SARS-CoV-2 have on lung vascular cells?

Methods

Based on our findings, we anticipate that Severe acute respiratory spike proteins can activate the same Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle cells and endothelial cells of pulmonary arteries, meaning that cell growth signaling in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can be initiated in response to Severe acute respiratory infection.

Methodology

The method used for this research includes culture cell, western blotting, and historical examination of the patient’s result.

Cell culture

Cell Laboratories provided the smooth muscle and endothelial cells used in this study, whereas Cell Applications provided their rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle used in this study. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, the cells were harvested after being grown at 37°C in 5% CO2 (Suzuki et al., 2021). Cultured cells were studied overnight at passages 3 to 6 in a solution containing a low proportion of bovine serum, as is common in cellular responses and enzyme phosphorylation investigations. The comprehensive S1 component of synthetic Severe acute respiratory spike protein, having a molecular mass of 75 kDa, or the Hydrogenated subunit of natural Severe acute respiratory spike protein, with a molecular mass of 25 kDa, were used in this investigation(Suzuki et al., 2021). To inhibit enzyme activity, specific cells were treated with pro-government rabbit antibodies for one hour before being employed.

Historical examination of the patient result.

From March to July 2020, postmortem lung samples were obtained from ten COVID-19-infected Ukrainian deaths. They used lung tissue samples from 10 people who died of influenza A in November 2009 as a comparison. Kyiv’s regional council for clinical research ethics approved and conducted clinical studies following the 2013 Helsinki Declaration or comparable ethical standards. Autopsy specimens were fixed overnight in 10% buffered or Malin for histological investigation. Paraffin-fixed tissues A microtome cut 5 m thick sections from paraffin blocks: hematoxylin and eosin-stained the sections. The Leica BX 51 microscope were histology specimens at 100–200x magnifications, and the Leica LAS software. Morphometric research used software to calculate the pulmonary vascular lumen index from the pulmonary artery wall thickness.

Western Plotting

Afterward, they were treated with 50mM Heps to lyse their proteins (pH 7.4),10g/ml leupeptin, 2mM PMSF, and 10g/ml aprotinin. Supernatants were recovered after ten minutes at 16,000 g. Electrophoresis of each protein sample was performed on the same polyacrylamide gel. Photoprotein electrotransfer using the Millipore Sigma Immobilon-FL Transfer Membrane. After 10 minutes at 25°C in Odyssey blocking solution, the membranes were incubated for 24 hours with anti-phospho-MEK1/2 antibodies from rabbits, mice, and rat.

Results

According to a new study released in October 2020 on the preprint service, when vascular cells in lung tissue are exposed exclusively to the spike protein, they begin to create signaling growth factors(Suzuki et al., 2021). Our findings suggest future therapeutic targets for this disorder due to the association between this signaling pathway and poorer outcomes in this condition. Previously conducted research revealed that people infected with COVID-19 might have cardiovascular and pulmonary complications. Most patients experience respiratory symptoms, whereas a minority percentage have severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Individuals over 65 and those with a history of heart disease, on the other hand, are disproportionately at risk of contracting a severe and urgent COVID-19 infection(Suzuki et al., 2021). One of the goals of this study is to learn more about how the virus impacts the tissues and organs that it targets. Due to its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the spike protein is assumed to be entry of virus into the host cell.

Conclusion and Opinion on the validity of conclusions

In this study, SARS proteins and HIV main determinants were shown to initiate cell biochemical mechanisms that could lead to pulmonary veins remodelling and medically severe PAH. Given that cells usually respond to minute levels of the spike protein, it’s likely that the spike protein aids viral entrance, serves as an antigen for vaccinations, and targets host tissue, perhaps injuring them. More research is required to discover how the SARS spike peptide affects PAH formation. Also, the influence of the SARS spike protein on cells from other damaged tissue, such as the brain and intraframe, needs research. Because millions of individuals rely on these enzymes to protect them from SARS-CoV-2, it’s critical to understand their intracellular and extracellular impacts on living creatures.

References

Suzuki, Y. J., Nikolaienko, S. I., Dibrova, V. A., Dibrova, Y. V., Vasylyk, V. M., Novikov, M. Y., … & Gychka, S. G. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells. Vascular Pharmacology, 137, 106823. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537189120303281

10 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that disturbs an individual’s perception

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that disturbs an individual’s perception of life and thinking hence affecting how a person interacts with the world. Schizophrenia is classified under the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. This classification is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and abnormal mental behaviour, including catatonia. Individuals who have Schizophrenia may hear noises or voices believe that they possess an extraordinary power, have a conviction that the world is solely connected to them, are paranoid and accept that other people control their thinking (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These papers describe the types of Schizophrenia, history, causes of Schizophrenia based on current research, treatment and prevention, and the Biblical worldview on the grounds, treatment and prevention of Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia varies from one individual to the other and is categorized into paranoid Schizophrenia, catatonic, undifferentiated Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Patients ailing from paranoid Schizophrenia depict extreme paranoia, act on it and may characterize odd behaviours, have emotional responses that are inappropriate and have very little pleasure in life. For catatonic Schizophrenia, an individual shuts down mentally, emotionally and physically. A person may appear paralyzed, lack facial expressions, and remain standing still for a long time (Cleveland Clinic, 2018). An individual lacks the drive to drink, eat or urinate. Catatonia is a medical emergency whenever it lasts for hours. In undifferentiated Schizophrenia, an individual depicts vague symptoms including an inability to express themselves, appears paranoid and confused and lacking the desire to take a shower or change clothes. On the other hand, in cases of schizoaffective disorder, the individual experiences delusional thoughts and depict mood disorders, including hypomania, mania or depression.

Anciently mental illnesses were not understood well, including Schizophrenia which could not be differentiated from other mental disorders, including mental retardation. Mental illnesses were thought to be supernaturally emanating from demons, evil spirits or a remedy for sin, amongst other spiritual phenomena (MentalHelp.net, 2022). Exorcists, trepanation and surgical procedures that entailed drilling holes in the human skull to release the evil spirits were some of the treatment measures for mental illnesses. Dr Emile Kraeplin made the initial description of Schizophrenia as a mental disorder in 1887. He referred to Schizophrenia as dementia praecox describing the symptoms currently referred to as Schizophrenia. Dementia praecox meant early dementia to distinguish it and other schizophrenias that occur later in life, including Alzheimer’s disease. Dr Emily firmly believed that praecox was primarily a brain disease though he was mistaken for his belief that praecox was a form of dementia (MentalHelp.net, 2022). Presently, there is a distinct difference between dementia-mental deterioration and Schizophrenia.

In 1911 Eugen Bleuler was the first Swiss psychiatrist to use the term Schizophrenia, meaning split(schizo) and mind(phren). He used Schizophrenia to emphasize the confusion of the mind and the fragmented thoughts as characteristics of individuals suffering from mental illnesses. Bleuler and Dr Emile agreed that schizophrenia symptoms would be clustered into distinctive categories. They created the typology subtypes of Schizophrenia relevant today as stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), namely paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated and disorganized schizophrenia, based on symptoms clusters. In 1959 Kurt Schneider made progress in understanding Schizophrenia by listing features of the disorder. Kurt necessitated the distinction of Schizophrenia from various psychoses, with his contribution serving as the basis for the International Classification of Diseases manual(ICD) and the DSM. Schizophrenia codes, as stipulated in these manuals, continue to evolve even today amid further research illuminating schizophrenia illness (MentalHelp.net, 2022).

Further, in the middle of the 1950s, Gregory Bateson and colleagues came up with the double mind theory that proposed that Schizophrenia could have been caused by bad parenting, particularly in situations where parents contradict their sentiments with implicit, unconscious opposite messages. The theory has, over time, been discarded for inadequate scientific proof. Though the contribution by Bateson and colleagues that stressful events, including crazy parenting styles, may escalate to Schizophrenia, as mentioned in the current models of schizophrenia-diathesis stress, is still valid in recent research.

Today research indicates that diathesis-stress models of Schizophrenia as a mental illness condition state that individuals possess vulnerabilities and predispositions for Schizophrenia. Though there are individuals who have more of these susceptibilities due to life experiences, biology or genetics make up. Nevertheless, the propensity directed to Schizophrenia solely does not trigger the mental illness. Meaning individual vulnerabilities ought to interact with life’s stressful experiences for the onset of Schizophrenia.The higher the chances of an individual’s inherency for the development of Schizophrenia, the minimal the stress necessary for triggering psychotic episodes that escalate the illness. On the othe hand, in case of minimal susceptibility in schizophrenia development, more stress ought to be experienced to manifest the disorder. Meaning until such a level that the necessary amount of stress is accomplished, an individual cannot be termed as suffering from Schizophrenia. Thus a person’s vulnerability may be referred to as latent. Nevertheless, diverse stress sources may interact, escalating to a release of the effect including but not limited to psychological stressors, biological and social stressors of viruses, depression, trauma, birth complications, and marijuana use may contribute to the release of latent diathesis and the development of Schizophrenia.

Scientific research is vital in learning more about health conditions, including mental illnesses. Though researchers have not fully understood schizophrenia aspects, the study in Schizophrenia published in the last twenty-five years continues to offer insight into schizophrenia causes, diagnosis and treatment (Powell, 2021). Currently, there are no conclusive findings concerning the causes of Schizophrenia. Still, researchers have noted various possible reasons that may be combined, putting individuals at the risk of ailing from Schizophrenia. Scientists have studied genes in an attempt to explain the causes of Schizophrenia. Research shows whole-genome sequencing(WGS) findings in Schizophrenia. The WGS is a technology that demonstrates the whole DNA makeup, enabling researchers to understand the distinctions among living organisms. Using WGS, schizophrenia studies show that an individual’s DNA mutates, suggesting particular discrepancies in the boundaries of an individual’s DNA structure that raises the risk of ailing from the disease (Powell, 2021). Researchers have found the mutations often in individuals ailing from Schizophrenia, though the mechanism through which the modifications are involved in escalating the illness remains challenging to determine. In addition, the study of brain connections, especially brain scans of individuals ailing from Schizophrenia, depicts minimal levels of protein present in the relations within neurons that are responsible for relaying information to other cells. Researchers have used the Positron Emission Tomography (PET ) scans to monitor radioactive materials administered to the brain, referred to as tracers. The tracer binds to SV2A protein. For persons with Schizophrenia, the protein is less in the brain part responsible for planning. Currently, this schizophrenia significance is not clear.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA) have recommended how healthcare providers should diagnose and classify Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia illnesses should not be grouped into subtypes, including paranoid Schizophrenia. Emphasis should not be put on symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions. Still, the healthcare providers are obliged to focus on how long an individual has had the schizophrenia symptoms while brainstorming on other things that could be responsible for the schizophrenia symptoms (Powell, 2021). There are also suggestions for gauging both the physical and mental symptoms of schizophrenia sa a diagnosis measure.

Nevertheless, as schizophrenia studies continue, there has been an evolution in the treatment approaches for the mental disorder. There are new prescriptions targeted to the neurotransmitter, a brain chemical messager-dopamine.In addition, researchers have progressed in modern generation medications that would target other neurotransmitters to easen cognitive symptoms concerning thoughts, judgement and thoughts. The side effects of current medications include uncontrolled heart rhythm and movement difficulties and the negative schizophrenia symptoms, particularly declines in social activities, pleasure and emotional expressions.

Second-generation antipsychotics medications have been recommended since they pose a lower risk and chances of severe side effects.The medications include,Aripiprazole,Asenapine,cariprazine,clozapine,illoperidone,paliperidone,olanzapine,ziprasidone,risperidone or quetiapine(Powell, 2021) .First-generation antipsychotics possess the potential for neurological side effects, including tardive dyskinesia that may not be reversible. The first-generation antipsychotics include; perphenazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine(Mayo Clinic, n.d.). However, long-acting injectable antipsychotics may be administered to schizophrenia patients as subcutaneous or intramuscular injections every two to four weeks (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).The injectable antipsychotics include; risperidone, paliperidone, fluphenazine decanoate, aripiprazole and haloperidol decanoate. In addition, targeted psychotherapy has been a treatment approach that has endeavoured to ease symptoms of Schizophrenia. The therapy targets particular schizophrenia signs, including situations where patients experience auditory hallucinations. Healthcare providers have also engaged brain stimulation, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) and deep brain stimulation(DBS).In TMS, magnetic fields stimulate brain nerve cells in a painless procedure that does not require surgery. For DBS, healthcare providers engage electrical pulses to balance abnormal impulses and particular brain chemicals and cells (Powell, 2021). The procedure involves surgery for electrode replacement and device control management in the brain.

Psychosis prevention is one of the measures of improving mental illness disorders, including Schizophrenia. Efficient diagnosis of persons at risk, accurate outcome prognosis and effective preventive treatment are ideal mitigation measures for Schizophrenia. Specialized healthcare providers manage the procedures with an initial rate-limiting detection step in children, teenagers and individuals between eight and forty years of age. Recruitment campaigns are essential for filtering persons who may have acquired diverse schizophrenia risk factors (Fusar-Poli et al., 2022). Clinical assessments and prognoses of the individuals should be carried out to determine the individuals who meet the psychometric criteria intake for extreme state risk for psychosis. The provision of adequate prevention procedures is vital in schizophrenia mitigation. Meaning when making efforts on Schizophrenia prevention, it is crucial to understand the risk factors; studies show there is no guarantee that an individual will not develop Schizophrenia. However, risk factors ought to be minimized. Research indicates that individuals ought to avoid social isolation. If individuals are isolated from people either by choice or by accident, they are prone to developing unhealthy distorted mental habits of understanding the world around them (Fusar-Poli et al., 2022). The human mind naturally allows an individual to connect with other people and grow relationships since human beings, by design, are social creatures and often require creating connections and interacting with other human beings. When the endeavour to develop relationships is not met, an isolated person may start to hallucinate or hear voices due to schizophrenia symptoms development. In addition, the primary risk of Schizophrenia is the abuse of methamphetamines and alcohol (Sante centre for healing, n.d.)l. These substances pose a health risk to the brain since they react differently depending on individuals. Meaning these substances ought to be avoided at all costs. Similarly, persons experiencing the initial signs of Schizophrenia may turn to substance abuse as self-medication to get relief while dealing with their symptoms. In such a case, a dual diagnosis treatment plan is vital for treating mental issues and substance abuse.

Religion is one way that enables individuals to understand the environment around them and give meaning to life. This is not different to individuals who have Schizophrenia. Spirituality and religion are vital to many individuals with schizophrenia experiences. For many schizophrenia patients, intense religious irrational thoughts may be an element of their signs though schizophrenia patients may have believed that they are God sent prophets. On the other hand, religion plays a significant role in schizophrenia patient recovery. Spiritual belief in God enables patients recovering from Schizophrenia to make sense of the universe in a way that they would not when they were suffering from psychotic delusions (Foster, 2016). This means that subscription to a supportive faith-based society facilitates significant fellowship whenever an individual encounters the daily challenges of living with severe mental disorders.

In conclusion, while the research has not shown the precise causes of Schizophrenia in human beings, treatment approaches are of help to schizophrenic patients currently. Advancing the current treatments is vital. Research shows that more than half of the people who have Schizophrenia globally have no access to treatment. For this reason, more research on schizophrenia symptoms, treatment advancement and access to mental health services is significant for bridging the gap. Mental illness programs ought to address matters to do with Schizophrenia stigma and the prejudice against individuals suffering from mental disorders.

References

American Psychiatric Association, A. (2013). Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (6th ed., pp. 87-96). American Psychiatric Association.S

Cleveland Clinic, C. (2018). What Are the 4 Types of Schizophrenia, and How Do They Affect You? 1. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-are-the-4-types-of-schizophrenia-and-how-can-they-affect-you/.

Foster, R. (2016). Schizophrenia: A Christian Perspective. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/schizophrenia-christian-perspective/.

Fusar-Poli, P., Davies, C., Solmi, M., Brondino, N., De Micheli, A., & Kotlicka-Antczak, M. et al. (2022). Preventive Treatments for Psychosis: Umbrella Review (Just the Evidence). Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00764/full.

Mayo Clinic, M. Schizophrenia. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354449.

MentalHelp.net, M. (2022). Historical and Contemporary Understandings of Schizophrenia. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://www.mentalhelp.net/schizophrenia/understanding/.

Powell, A. (2021). Latest Schizophrenia Research. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-research.

Sante centre for healing, S. How to Prevent Schizophrenia. Sant‌é Center for Healing. Retrieved 25 April 2022, from https://www.santecenter.com/rehab-blog/how-to-prevent-schizophrenia/.

SELF-ASSESSMENTS 2 Running head: SELF ASSESSMENTS 1 Self-Assessments Student’s Name Institution of

SELF-ASSESSMENTS 2

Running head: SELF ASSESSMENTS 1

Self-Assessments

Student’s Name

Institution of Learning

Self-Assessments

According to the test, my Change Style Indicator is the originator. As an originator, my change approach preferences involve changing the current structure. This means that I would prefer working with structures I have designed rather than using the existing ones. Besides, I tend to be very careful with what I do, and I am inflexible with my chosen route. This means that I always want to succeed in what I do, and my failure can tamper with my ego. It also means that I do not consider any other opinion on handling tasks and chores; thus, I am inflexible. In addition, when facing change, I am keen on details and following the routine. This means that I will always want to stick to structured ways as the procedures of doing a particular task. This also involves sticking to a particular routine without altering it.

I do not, in totality, agree with the change preferences provided in this test, as I do not relate to some of them. For instance, I usually believe in sharing ideas so that we all agree on a solution as a team. This means that I am flexible in my decisions compared to what the test result shows as my change preferences. The test results show that my change preference is inflexible. This means that I always want to succeed in what I do, and my failure would tamper with my ego. It also means that I do not consider any other opinions on handling tasks and chores. I believe that this is not my change preference since I am open to other ways of doing things if the initial ways are not working.

The Change Style Indicator suggests that my leading change strengths include catalyzing major change. The strength means that I embrace change when it comes. Most people find it difficult to embrace change when it occurs. They only do so if there is no other option, making them resistive to the procedures of effecting the change, thereby making it difficult. Most of the time, change comes for the good of everyone, and all people need to embrace it to ensure that it is implemented effectively for the good of everyone in a company or any other environment. In my case, embracing change is my strength, and I work to ensure that the change is implemented. Besides, when leading change, I give all my energy and enthusiasm. This means that I am dedicated to giving my best while leading change in different settings.

My Seven Change Competencies greatest strengths are trustworthiness, commitment to continuous growth, and building external networks and partnerships. As a trustworthy person, I value being honest about my performance expectations. I believe in following my commitments until I accomplish them. I am also always ready to ensure that what I communicate to others is clear and they understand it. Being committed to personal growth is another seven change competency strength. I am always thinking of how I can improve my results in every subsequent performance since I believe in personal development. I also believe that when I improve myself, I can help my team members to improve the same way I have improved. Building external networks and partnerships is another strength that I have, as I believe that one cannot live alone. A person needs the support of others to be successful. In addition, I know that I will not remain a student forever, and I need the support of others to be successful in the outside world hence the importance of building external networks and partnerships.

I can use my strengths in leading change in several ways. I can use the strength of trustworthiness by teaching others the need to commit oneself to accomplish a specific task. I will demonstrate this by following my commitments until I accomplish them. Other people would learn from me and change their ways appropriately. I can also communicate to others clearly to understand the concepts I am sharing. Besides, my strength of commitment to self-improvement can help me build confidence in others by making them believe that they can also improve themselves if they focus on achieving it.

My coaching behaviors that represent my greatest strengths are helping others change, coaching mindset, facilitating employee development, and managerial support. Having a coaching mindset is essential for me to ensure that I coach others to the best of my abilities so that they get to realize their full potential. A coach must have a coaching mindset to be successful in their endeavors. Facilitating employee development is another important aspect that would help me help others improve themselves in whatever they do. A coach who can influence the development of an employee can make the employee work effectively, thereby improving the performance of a company. Offering managerial support will help a coach demonstrate managerial skills in helping others realize their potential in different areas.