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or this second assignment, construct a 7-9 page paper that: a) illustrates an accurate descriiption of content analysis as Essay Psychology Assignment Help The Ottoman Empire was a medieval empire that failed due to poor leadership. The kingdom also experienced trade competition from the Indians and Americans, weakening it. Due to several battles, the empire lost most of its territories and was later overpowered. The kingdom experienced a period of economic difficulties, especially after the closure of the trade routes and the influx of Americas precious metals. Higher illiterate levels meant a shortage of well-trained military officers and other professionals, including clerks, doctors, and engineers.

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2 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells Student’s Name

2

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells

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Background of the study

Coronaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses that frequently cause the common cold. On the other hand, coronaviruses have the potential to be lethal in some circumstances. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has spread around the globe in 2019, producing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The second coronavirus is a human-infecting virus (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is responsible for the propagation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is currently causing the worldwide coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) (ACE2). COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the health, economic, and social lives of nearly 60 million people globally. SARS-CoV-2 infected 60 million people and COVID-19 killed 1.4 million, wreaking havoc on global health, economic, and social systems. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infects human host cells is unknown at the moment. The recent work demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is capable of initiating cell communication in lung vascular cells on its own. When human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells were treated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit, MEK phosphorylation was activated.

Coronavirus 2 is the pathogen responsible for the current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which causes severe acute respiratory illness (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 vaccines are designed to specifically target the virus’s spike protein. Although the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein promotes membrane fusion and viral entry into human lung vascular cells, COVID-19 patients died with thicker pulmonary vascular walls, demonstrating a relationship between the spike protein and the deadly condition known as pulmonary arterial hypertension. On the other hand, the spike protein serves a purpose other than facilitating membrane fusion and viral entrance (PAH). The presence of gp120, the HIV viral membrane fusion protein, has been found to enhance cell signaling in a similar manner to that of SARS-CoV spike proteins, and long-term HIV-positive patients have a high rate of developing PAH. The spike protein’s potential effects on pulmonary vascular cells are examined, as is the idea that the spike protein contributes to the increased risk of PAH. With millions of individuals likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine containing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it is vital to understand the protein’s biological effects on human cells to ensure that it does not cause long-term harm to human health.

Introduction

This protein is essential for the virus to attach to the receptor on the surface of the host cell, allowing the viral and host cell membranes to fuse and facilitate viral entrance into the host cell. The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in 2019 is caused by coronavirus 2, which has been associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has infected roughly 75 million individuals and killed 1.7 million. The epidemic’s devastation has had a tremendous economic and social impact, and the world is still searching for a way to halt this horrific affliction. Severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are caused by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus infection. While younger persons exhibit only mild symptoms or are asymptomatic when infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, older patients with pre-existing cardiovascular illness are particularly vulnerable to developing severe diseases and eventually dying. This characteristic distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses and may have aided in the virus’s destruction. To design COVID-19 therapy techniques, it may be required to first identify these features of the illness.

scientific question asked

methods

We propose, based on our findings, that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can activate the MEK/ERK pathway in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the pulmonary arteries, meaning that cell growth signaling in the pulmonary vascular walls may be activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cell culture

The smooth muscle and endothelial cells utilized in this investigation were provided by ScienCell Research Laboratories (Carlsbad, CA, USA), whilst Cell Applications provided the rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells used in this work (San Diego, CA, USA). The cells were extracted after being cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 as directed by the manufacturer. Cell signaling and protein phosphorylation were investigated by cultivated cells overnight at passages 3–6 in a medium containing a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (0.4 percent), as is frequently done in cell signaling and protein phosphorylation experiments [13].

Using either the full-length S1 subunit of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Val16 – Gln690) with a molecular weight of 75 kDa (RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) or the RBD subunit of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Arg319 – Phe541) with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (RayBiotech) (RayBiotech). To suppress enzyme activity, some cells were pretreated for one hour with an anti-ACE2 rabbit antibody (Catalog # 4355; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

Results

According to a new study released in October 2020 on the preprint service bioRxiv*, when vascular cells in lung tissue are exposed exclusively to the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), they begin to create signaling growth factors. Our findings may suggest to future therapy targets for this disorder due to the association between this signaling pathway and poorer outcomes in this condition. Previously conducted research revealed that people infected with COVID-19 may have cardiovascular and pulmonary complications. The great majority of patients experience respiratory symptoms, whereas a minority percentage have severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (ARDS). On the other hand, individuals over the age of 65 and those with a history of cardiovascular disease are disproportionately at risk of getting a severe and urgent COVID-19 infection. One of the objectives of this research is to have a better understanding of how the virus affects the targeted tissues and organs. Due to its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the spike protein is assumed to be essential for virus entry into the host cell (ACE2). It consists of two subunits: S1 contains the ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and S2 facilitates the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the virus to enter the host cell upon attachment.

conclusion snd Opinion of validity of conclusions

In this study, it was demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and HIV gp120 are capable of beginning cell biological events that may result in pulmonary vascular remodeling and, potentially, clinically severe PAH, a potentially fatal condition. Given that cells in cultured cells respond to pM concentrations of the spike protein, it is possible that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein not only facilitates viral entry and acts as an antigen for vaccines, but also targets host cells, which may have adverse effects. Additional research is needed to ascertain the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on PAH formation. It is also necessary to explore the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on cells from other tissues/organs, including as the systemic vasculature, the heart, and the brain. With millions, if not billions, of people relying on this protein to protect them from SARS-CoV-2, it is vital to understand the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s extracellular and intracellular effects on human cells, as these effects may have long-term detrimental health ramifications