Read the scenario below and answer the questions provided.
Scenario
Shouldice Hospital, the house that hernias built, is a converted country estate which gives the hospital ‘a country club’ appeal.
American Medical News
Shouldice Hospital in Canada is widely known for one thing—hernia repair! In fact, that is the only operation it performs, and it performs a great many of them. Over the past two decades this small 90-bed hospital has averaged 7,000 operations annually. Last year, it had a record year and performed nearly 7,500 operations. Patients’ ties to Shouldice do not end when they leave the hospital. Every year the gala Hernia Reunion dinner (with complimentary hernia inspection) draws in excess of 1,000 former patients, some of whom have been attending the event for over 30 years.
A number of notable features in Shouldice’s service delivery system contribute to its success. (1) Shouldice accepts only patients with the uncomplicated external hernias, and it uses a superior technique developed for this type of hernia by Dr. Shouldice during World War II. (2) Patients are subject to early ambulation, which promotes healing. (Patients literally walk off the operating table and engage in light exercise throughout their stay, which lasts only three days.) (3) Its country club atmosphere, gregarious nursing staff, and built-in socializing make a surprisingly pleasant experience out of an inherently unpleasant medical problem. Regular times are set aside for tea, cookies, and socializing. All patients are paired up with a roommate with similar background and interests.
The Production System
The medical facilities at Shouldice consist of five operating rooms, a patient recovery room, a laboratory, and six examination rooms. Shouldice performs, on average, 150 operations per week, with patients generally staying at the hospital for three days. Although operations are performed only five days a week, the remainder of the hospital is in operation continuously to attend to recovering patients.
An operation at Shouldice Hospital is performed by one of the 12 full-time surgeons assisted by one of seven part-time assistant surgeons. Surgeons generally take about one hour to prepare for and perform each hernia operation, and they operate on four patients per day. The surgeons’ day ends at 4 p.m., although they can expect to be on call every 14th night and every 10th weekend.
The Shouldice Experience
Each patient undergoes a screening exam prior to setting a date for his or her operation. Patients in the Toronto area are encouraged to walk in for the diagnosis. Examinations are done between 9 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. on Saturday. Out-of-town patients are mailed a medical information questionnaire (also available over the Internet), which is used for the diagnosis. A small percentage of the patients who are overweight or otherwise represent an undue medical risk are refused treatment. The remaining patients receive confirmation cards with the scheduled dates for their operations. A patient’s folder is transferred to the reception desk once an arrival date is confirmed. Patients arrive at the clinic between 1 and 3 p.m. the day before their surgery. After a short wait, they receive a brief preoperative examination. They are then sent to an admissions clerk to complete any necessary paperwork. Patients are next directed to one of the two nurses’ stations for blood and urine tests and then are shown to their rooms. They spend the remaining time before orientation getting settled and acquainting themselves with their roommates. Orientation begins at 5 p.m., followed by dinner in the common dining room. Later in the evening, at 9 p.m., patients gather in the lounge area for tea and cookies. Here new patients can talk with patients who have already had their surgery. Bedtime is between 9:30 and 10 p.m.
On the day of the operation, patients with early operations are awakened at 5:30 a.m. for preoperative sedation. The first operations begin at 7:30 a.m. Shortly before an operation starts, the patient is administered a local anesthetic, leaving him or her alert and fully aware of the proceedings. At the conclusion of the operation, the patient is invited to walk from the operating table to a nearby wheelchair, which is waiting to return the patient to his or her room. After a brief period of rest, the patient is encouraged to get up and start exercising. By 9 p.m. that day, he or she is in the lounge having cookies and tea and talking with new, incoming patients.
The skin clips holding the incision together are loosened, and some are removed, the next day. The remaining clips are removed the following morning, just before the patient is discharged.
When Shouldice Hospital started, the average hospital stay for hernia surgery was three weeks. Today, many institutions push “same-day surgery” for a variety of reasons. Shouldice Hospital firmly believes that this is not in the best interests of patients, and is committed to its three-day process. Shouldice’s postoperative rehabilitation program is designed to enable the patient to resume normal activities with minimal interruption and discomfort. Shouldice patients frequently return to work in a few days; the average total time off is eight days.
“It is interesting to note that approximately 1 out of every 100 Shouldice patients is a medical doctor.”
Future Plans
The management of Shouldice is thinking of expanding the hospital’s capacity to serve considerable unsatisfied demand. To this effect, the vice president is seriously considering two options. The first involves adding one more day of operations (Saturday) to the existing five-day schedule, which would increase capacity by 20%. The second option is to add another floor of rooms to the hospital, increasing the number of beds by 50%. This would require more aggressive scheduling of the operating rooms. The administrator of the hospital, however, is concerned about maintaining control over the quality of the service delivered. He thinks the facility is already getting very good utilization. The doctors and the staff are happy with their jobs, and the patients are satisfied with the service. According to him, further expansion of capacity might make it hard to maintain the same kind of working relationships and attitudes.
buad5607-m4-chart.png
Above is a room occupancy table for the existing system. Each row in the table follows the patients that checked in on a given day. The columns indicate the number of patients in the hospital on a given day. For example, the first row of the table shows that 30 people checked in on Monday and were in the hospital on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. By summing the rows in the table for the Wednesday column, we see that there are 90 patients staying in the hospital that day.
How well is the hospital currently utilizing its beds?
Develop a similar table to show the effects of adding operations on Saturday. (Assume that 30 operations would still be performed each day.) How would this affect the utilization of the bed capacity? Is this capacity sufficient for the additional patients?
Now look at the effect of increasing the number of beds by 50%. How many operations could the hospital perform per day before running out of bed capacity? (Assume operations are performed five days per week, with the same number performed on each day.) How well would the new resources be utilized relative to the current operation? Could the hospital really perform this many operations? Why? (Hint: Look at the capacity of the 12 surgeons and the five operating rooms.)
Although financial data are sketchy, an estimate from a construction company indicates that adding bed capacity would cost about $100,000 per bed. In addition, the rate charged for the hernia surgery varies between about $900 and $2,000 (U.S. dollars), with an average rate of $1,300 per operation. The surgeons are paid a flat $600 per operation. Due to all the uncertainties in government health care legislation, Shouldice would like to justify any expansion within a five-year time period. How would you do that?
Please use the Shouldice MRP Master.xlsx Download Shouldice MRP Master.xlsx
spreadsheet for the following question:
Assume that the administrators at Shouldice want to minimize inventory requirements. Calculate the net requirements and planned order releases (planned ordered cleanings) for operating rooms, beds, and medical kits. Assume lot-for-lot lot sizing is used.
Requirements
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you must:
Make few or no grammatical, spelling, or syntactical errors.
Show any or all of the following:
Critical thinking
Original thinking
Researched examples
Critical/original thinking: Demonstrate new approaches and/or ability to “push back” rather than simply reproducing another’s thoughts
Use direct quotations sparingly and judiciously
Properly identify any sources and integrate into own thoughts and ideas
Provide a straightforward, easy-to-follow arrangement with appropriate formatting:
Comply with APA format
Answers clearly marked and named within assignment file(s)
Create an Excel document and name it using the following convention: “YourName-M4-assignment”
On the Excel document, answer the prompts listed above, plus charts and tables
Industry overview Bottled water is one commodity that is consumed in all
Industry overview
Bottled water is one commodity that is consumed in all parts of the world and of course, those that are in the business of producing bottled water are known to generate sales year in and year out if the business is well managed. As a matter of fact, the economic downturn hardly affects the consumption of bottled water simply because it is a commodity that is as important as the air we breathe in. Production companies in the bottled water industry basically purify and bottle water into plastic and glass bottles for consumption. The bottled water is properly capped and labeled accordingly before being sold to the general public. Companies in this industry usually have an assortment of water offerings, such as spring water, mineral water, sparkling water, and flavored water in a range of sizes and prizes.
Players in this industry are also involved in the manufacturing of ice manufacturing. It is common to find big corporations who are into the production of soft drinks and food and beverages engage in the production of bottled water. Research conducted by IBIS World shows that in the united states of America, the level of concentration in the Bottled Water Production industry is modest, as the top four players are expected to generate 65.5 percent of revenue. Given the heavy bulk weight of industry products and the relatively low value per unit sold, bottled water production is generally taken on by large companies with major economies of scale and heavy investments in transportation. While the majority of bottled water production is performed as one of many activities within the corporate portfolios of international food and beverage companies, the remaining portion of the industry’s production is performed through small-sized local players.
Despite the fact that there are big corporations who are into the production of bottled water, the fact remains that starting a small-scale bottled water production business has minimal barriers to entry, with low start-up capital. Most players in the bottled water production industry are small- to medium-size establishments that cater to the local community. With this kind of business, if you want to start on a small scale, you can choose to start servicing your local community. All you would need is contacts, packaging, networking, and good marketing and customer service skills. However, if you intend to start it on a large scale, then you should consider spreading beyond your local community to the state level and even the national level. Over and above, the bottled water production industry is a profitable industry and it is open to any aspiring
entrepreneur to come in and establish his or her business; you can choose to start on a small scale servicing a community or you can choose to start on a large scale with several outlets in key cities all around Kenya.
Background
The bottling company is owned by a group of mechanical engineering students who have vast knowledge in the mechanics of water plant operation and mechanism of water treatment. this is fully based on the scientific approach of impurity reduction from the chemical compound H2O through a mechanized system. The owner’s details are:
Name
Age
Marital
Status
Occupation
Education
Professional
Qualities
The location of the business is in the coastal region close enough to the ocean. The area of the land occupied is around 3 hectares to facilitate the placement of large processing machinery. The building is an industrial building that is fully accessible by customers and suppliers when necessary.
Form of ownership
This is a private limited liability company owned by a group of mechanical engineering students from Moi University.
Products and services
The product being offered is bottled water extracted from salt seawater and taken through solid and suspension extraction to obtain clean water. Water undergoes the following processes in order to obtain pure water.
Hypochlorite dosing system
Activated carbon filtration
Reverse osmosis
Mineral addition
UV filtration
Ozone generation
Packaging
Each of these processes describes 98% pure water with mineral addition, packaging of the water is in bottles of different sizes ranging from 300ml to 20 liter bottles.
Justification of op.
With the unending demand for a constant supply of clean water, there is a need to perform extensive research on sources of water supply. This business plan focuses on seawater as a viable source. However, seawater is salty and hence a form of conversion from this crude form to a more user-friendly form that is pure water is desired. This piece combines all these mechanics of machines and process engineering to produce a large amount of pure water to full fill the needs of various people.
Industry
This business falls under the water and packaging industry. The goals of the business are:
To provide the most efficient means of seawater processing.
To meet the vast demand for pure water across the coastal region.
To achieve the seventh goal of the sustainable development goals of clean water and sanitation.
Surname 3 Student’s Name Affiliation Course Date The Cloning Technology The Cloning
Instructions Read the scenario below and answer the questions provided. Scenario Shouldice Hospital, the house that hernias built, is Business Assignment Help Surname 3
Student’s Name
Affiliation
Course
Date
The Cloning Technology
The Cloning Technology in ‘Brave New World’ by Aldous Huxley
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical copies of an organism. Aldous Huxley describes a society with cloning norms in his book ‘Brave New World.’ The novel analyzes the World State, a future-oriented society in which children at an early age are trained on emotional sentiments and independence (Huxley, 119). In this society, children are developed through cloning in incubators and tubes to grow the population. The cloning is based on classes that each embryo is supposed to grow into, including Epsilon, Delta, Gamma, Beta, and Alpha, in the order of the lowest to the highest class. Those destined for greatness are fed with chemicals to perfect their mental and physical structures to make them leaders while lower-class ones are made to be imperfect and are bred to be workers of menial jobs.
In the story, Bernard Marx, who is an Alpha, and among the story’s major protagonists, together with his love interest, Lenina Crowne, visit a “savage reservation,” where Marx’s master, the Director, is said to have lost a female partner years ago. When they arrive, they notice residents performing strange customs (Reiff, 23). They also come across a woman, Linda, and her kid John, the Savage, whom Marx correctly guesses to be the Director’s missing family. Marx decides to bring the two to the director with him after the Director threatened to send him away for his antisocial character. Marx introduces Linda and John to the Director, and John, the Director’s lost son, addresses him as “father.” The Director is forced to retire as a result of this, as his mistake of procreation between people which is illegal, has been revealed. As a type of experiment, John is retained in the “brave new world,” as he refers to it.
Linda, on the other hand, is admitted to a hospital due to her addiction to “soma,” a sedative used by citizens. Because of it, she eventually dies, prompting John to go on an anti-soma rant in the hospital hallway (Huxley, 119). John who is increasingly enraged with this strange society ultimately flees to a lighthouse to reside in seclusion. He manages to dodge visitors and media reporters for a while, but they eventually track him down and stare as he self-flagellates. When John beats not just himself but also a woman, the crowd becomes even more enraged. The crowds of people descend from airplanes to watch the show. Another woman, Lenina comes, and John tries to whip her as well. Soon later, John is overtaken with passion and falls asleep after being influenced by soma. He hangs himself the next morning, outraged by his role in society.
Margaret Atwood’s Analysis of the Brave New World
Margaret Atwood describes the society in Huxley’s book as a totalitarian community where cloning was used to achieve conformity to the norms. The events unfolding this society entails the engineering of a social class of intelligent clones to work in managerial positions while unintelligent ones do menial jobs (Atwood, 56). Margaret talks about how technology has facilitated the cloning process just like Huxley did. This society flourished in 1984 during the cold war. After reading the book severally to understand the plot of the story, Margret analyses the story through her article, ‘Everybody is Happy Now.’
Atwood describes Lenina Crown, as a beautiful and voluptuous lady who was admired by many men. Lenina is promiscuous and is laid by the men without resisting. She even seduces John the Savage by lowering her undergarment for him (Atwood, 58). John is the lost son of the director who was raised outside the World State society. He is unhappy with the norms of this society when he is introduced to his alleged father. He later flees from society due to his anger with the new encounters. John is a religious enthusiast who believes in romance and misery as a sign of love. He idolizes Lenina who later shamelessly lowers her garments for him.
Atwood criticizes the promiscuity of the society portrayed in Huxley’s novel. She thinks that promiscuity should not be embraced as it is unethical and against societal codes of conduct (Atwood, 60). Margret also argues against the division of people in the World State’s society where clones are bred to fit into predetermined social classes and those in lower classes act as menial laborers while higher ones are executives in society.
Johny Gebara’s Analysis of Huxley’s Novel
In his article, Male Patriarchy and “Othering”. Brave New World from a Postcolonial and Feminist Perspective,’ Johny Gebara describes Huxley’s theme of the technology of cloning in the ideal society. The peculiar norms in this society were at their peak in 1984 when many clones had been developed. The cloning technology, brainwashing, and the use of sedatives, babies are reproduced in ‘hatcheries.’ Johny uncovers how one of the characters, Linda, and the reservation are linked to feminism and orientalism (Gebara, 01). He describes a character who runs away from his ‘flawless world’ to a world with savage reservations. In the new society, he gets the satisfaction he had been longing for which enables him to flee from his initial society. Johny also describes marginalized people who are stigmatized due to feminist views.
Johny criticizes Huxley for racism as he described some people as savages. Linda is one of the characters who is termed as savage in the novel. He also criticizes the stigmatization of individuals based on class, where Huxley ranks people as Epsilon, Delta, Gamma, Beta, and Alpha, with Alphas being managers while Epsilons are menial laborers (Gebara, 02). Besides, Huxley is criticized for being a feminist who marginalizes males by making them suffer in the novel while the females are pampered by society.
References
Atwood, Margaret. “Everybody is happy now.” The Guardian 17.11 (2007): 2007.
Gebara, Jonny. “Male Patriarchy and” Othering”: Brave New World from a Postcolonial and Feminist Perspective.” (2021).
Huxley, Aldous. “Brave New World, (1932).” Reading Fiction: Opening the Text (2007): 119.
Reiff, Raychel Haugrud. Aldous Huxley: Brave New World. Marshall Cavendish, 2010.
3 Meta-Analysis: Breastfeeding and Childhood Obesity Relationship Student Institution Course Professor Date
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Meta-Analysis: Breastfeeding and Childhood Obesity Relationship
Student
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
Relationship Between Childhood Obesity and Breast Feeding
PICO QUESTION: Does breastfeeding reduce obesity in children compared with formula feeding?
Yan et al. (2014) used a total of twenty-five studies to present a meta-analysis of the association between childhood obesity and breastfeeding. Fifteen of the studies were cohorts, while ten used cross-sectional survey designs. The twenty-five studies had 226,508 subjects which were all included in the meta-analysis. The studies were based on eligibility criteria that focused on their ability to evaluate the association between breastfeeding and obesity risks. Seventeen studies focused solely on the association, with nine providing the breastfeeding duration category.
The meta-analysis reported that breastfeeding lowered childhood obesity by 25% compared to those who were not breastfed. Breastfeeding was considered a protective factor against obesity even though it depends on the duration the mother feeds her child. The result of the study also confirmed that children breastfed for a minimum of seven months hardly report obesity conditions compared to those breastfed for lesser months. Studies show slight differences in the association between breastfeeding and obesity since they use different types of breastfeeding (Yan et al., 2014). Most studies did not acknowledge the difference between partial and exclusive breastfeeding, thus reducing precise analysis of the different types. Therefore, future research should analyze their findings based on mixed feeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and formula feeding. However, the studies reported that breastfeeding for less than three months provided less protection against obesity.
The subgroup analysis showed that breast milk contains moderated nutrients and calories essential for infant development. Therefore, infants receive a regulated amount of nutrients at adequate levels limiting issues of fats and protein deposition on the skin. The milk constituents constantly change depending on the mother’s diet and time, thus ensuring infants receive the required nutrients in amounts needed by the body. The meta-analysis demonstrated that formula feeding leads to a higher intake of protein and fats than needed, thus causing adiposity during childhood. The meta-analysis shows that breast milk contains bioactive components such as ghrelin and leptin, which differentiate and proliferate adipocytes in infants and cannot be available in formula feeding. It further explains why breast milk is often reported to have high nutritional value not readily available in other kinds of milk.
The meta-analysis concluded that breastfeeding is a protective approach to reducing obesity risks. Prolonged feeding of infants using breast milk was directly related to decreased risks of obesity. Children breastfed for more than seven months hardly reported obesity-related concerns. It highlighted that future researchers should distinguish data using different feeding categories.
References
Yan, J., Liu, L., Zhu, Y., Huang, G., & Wang, P. P. (2014). The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC public health, 14(1), 1-11.
4 Bribery in Global Sales Students Institution Course Professor Date Bribery in
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Bribery in Global Sales
Students
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
Bribery in Global Sales
Introduction
Bribery and its ethical implications are becoming more important as the global market emerges, and bribery and its ethical implications are becoming more important. “In business, the struggle of ethics is never-ending; what a corporation must do to be lucrative must also be ethical.” Bribery of some persons is prohibited by federal law, but not of others. The corporate world, on the other hand, claims that the rules of the road are unclear. As it turns out, one man’s bribe is another man’s cost of doing business. Bribery is not a black-and-white issue; there are several shades of gray. Bribing any official of a foreign government is illegal under the FCPA, but “workers of a state-owned Mexican utility aren’t government officials. Frank argues that the company in Latino is both profitable and helping the economy of the country. In fact, Frank suggests that as living standards rise, so will ethical standards. Frank succeeds in business despite his reluctance to obey the company’s policies by employing his own unique techniques.
Problems
The company is going through a period of radical organizational changes, transitioning from a purely exporter of machine tools to an international company with a global focus, with the establishment of several foreign divisions that must be controlled centrally and have a specific focus on overseas operations. The man doubts the morality and rationale of bribing as a technique of conducting business with a profit motive (Schlegelmilch, 1999). Because undesirable behaviors like bribery are deeply rooted in both national and corporate cultures, it is clear that reform will take time, and simply drafting an anti-bribery policy and posting it on the office bulletin board would not suffice. The firm is shifting directions in its formal structure, but is it truly dedicated to an internal reorganization, changing the ways in which it operates in the local market, and embracing the repercussions of such a decision?
Bribery is unethical. In this scenario, it’s ethical for Frank because bribery is common among Latinos. What did Frank not justify, given that bribery is completely wrong regardless of where they operate. Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as revised by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Because there is a problem with workers taking too long transporting machinery, Frank decides to pay them bribes. Bill recognizes that this is incorrect and is attempting to demonstrate his case. Frank doesn’t see it and encourages Bill to wait a few months until he understands how the entire country works. Although they are waiting for Frank to go, the corporation wants to shift character (Schlegelmilch, 1999). Despite the fact that Frank is an excellent salesperson, the organization feels he would ignore any adjustments made while he is on the job. Frank is the biggest issue that the firm is dealing with. Yes, he’s a natural at what he does. But he doesn’t obey orders, and his superiors aren’t happy about it. Some people are ignoring it because his sales are strong, while others say it is unjust. If one employee is required to obey policy, then everyone else must as well. Frank, like the bribe, does not obey the rules. He like to do things his own way.
Solutions and Recommendations
In the instance of Starnes-Brenner Machine Tool Company, a number of difficulties must be addressed. The ethical concerns, self-reference issues, and the issue of the marketer’s position are only a few of the unsolved topics. A strong point should be made that in a country where bribery is a common business practice; there is a specific procedure for calculating the amount of bribes paid to the individuals in question. These bribes are solely used to keep the business going, particularly when it has become stagnant. Regardless of the policies and laws in place, one should develop their own set of principles to guide them during business operations.
Companies have choices for dealing with fraud, bribery, and corruption, especially if workers are aware of fraudulent or corrupt acts. When Bill takes over Frank’s job, Starnes-choice Brenner’s comes into his hands. Bill will have to spend the next eight months evaluating Frank’s practices to determine whether or not they are ethical and should be continued. When examining the ethics of Frank’s methods, he must also consider the profitability of his actions (Schlegelmilch, 1999). Based on Bill’s ethical attitude, he will most likely continue to be honest and shift the firm to a more honest, non-bribery model. The disadvantage is that Bill will have to find a means to make up for the lost portnail sales without resorting to bribery.
My advice to the corporation is to start altering characters as soon as possible. Frank will not be around indefinitely, no matter how brilliant he is at his work. Even if he wasn’t retiring, he would have received a better offer sooner or later. I’d start by teaching personnel to better understand sales strategies, taking some training classes, talking to other employees for advice, and so on. You can’t build your entire strategy on one guy who is ready to depart if you want your organization to have amazing stats and exceptional staff. The firm is not owned by Frank. Until he departs, the corporation should not be wasting its time.
Learning from the Exercise
The following moral lessons I learned from the case material.
1. Rather of focusing on the company’s policies, it is possible to thrive in business by believing in personal ideals.
2. It is not necessary to have overseas experience to perform commercial operations as a global salesperson. What matters is that you have a reputation for being a straight shooter who is fair and honest. In Bill’s instance, an excellent example is given.
3. The usage of bribes in business is contingent on the circumstances. The use of bribery is not always unethical. Being ethical or immoral, according to the case study, is determined by the nation’s perspective. For example, the Latino did not consider Frank’s behavior to be criminal. As a result, Frank had no cause to question his decision.
Conclusion
Corruption, bribery, and other unethical actions continue to be a major source of worry in international business, affecting not just firms’ performance in local markets, but also mining competitiveness and the welfare of nations where these acts are regarded normal. It can be difficult to keep track of unethical behaviors, especially for extremely large multinational organizations with branches all over the globe, as well as to maintain the integrity of the company culture among all employees, sales managers, and senior management. Every country has its own culture, and each culture has its own amount of corruption tolerance. The fact that bribery is a common practice in the area should not be used to justify it, and managers should be the first to act against it. Bribery is unlawful in most jurisdictions, and poor behavior can result in a large fine, a jail sentence, or both. As a result, the losses from improper behavior at Starnes-Brenner may be bigger than the actual avoidance of bribery payments, harming the company’s image as a whole as well as the individuals directly involved. When all of the aforementioned facts are considered, as well as all of the various courses of action, it is clear that Bill will face serious bribery issues. The corporation is in the Latino industry to make money, but if they continue to lose money, the bribe or no bribe problem will persist, and it may be reconsidered. But, with Bill’s right mindset about ethical behavior, the right set of anti-bribery policies, a good implementation of the rules, and the right communication to all employees, I believe the business will continue to run smoothly and, more importantly, with integrity in the corporate culture, which is critical in today’s business world.
Reference
Schlegelmilch, B. (1999). A Review of Marketing Ethics: An International Perspective. International Marketing Review. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/imr.1999.16.3.1.1/full/html?casa_token=U2EL5SNKyIcAAAAA:ZJXn85M-xoi-Td_WSOQt61we11OLJiUQbOQvmnLBDKU_SoRPIV_c7DzFElrfhAKtugO49LQUY6OQ-ipxojzMAPfD7sXfYpX_agBhRkobdVkX4CX3knk