answer the following question: Recently we have focused our discussion on Modernist film. Please write an essay explaining what

4 Comparative Politics Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Name and Number Date

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Comparative Politics

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Name and Number

Date of Submission

Comparative Politics

Botswana

Botswana is one of the countries in Africa that is considered as underdeveloped. Its recent attainment of independence created new opportunities for growth, democracy and multiparty system. Politics in Botswana takes place in a democratic framework. Democracy creates a platform for multiparty competition and this is an important milestone for Botswana. The leadership models have also contributed to stability of its communities and this is critical in creating an effective constitution that addresses human rights.

Being a less developed country, democracy is considered to play a key role in promoting economic, political and social developments. Democracy is considered as a source of freedom to explore different opportunities in form of civil, political, social and cultural rights (Przeworski & Limongi, 1993). However, the primary challenge with democracy in Botswana is decolonization since it aims to overcome conditions of backwardness such as underdevelopment while avoiding instances that can contribute to failures. In one way. Botswana seem to be highly depending on its colo0nizer and this could significantly hinder growth opportunities.

Economic development is influenced by leaders. Democracy can initiate autocracy and this leads to predation since it empowers citizens with incentive of maximizing economic output. Massive opportunities to utilize state funds to support different groups is critical in focusing on the state needs (Ginsburg et al., 2021). Botswana needs kind of leadership since it needs to address dynamic issues facing the country.

Being an underdeveloped country, democracy will facilitate Botswana’s state autonomy thus creating an opportunity for economic growth. Democracy aims to ensure that a country does its activities without the influence from colonizers (Ginsburg et al., 2021). However, this has not been the case since their country has been highly depending on the colonizer to support its economic growth. Democracy created an opportunity to independently amend its constitutions and ensure that people access equal rights and economic policies. Moreover, it provides a space for policy makers to introduce right policies by engaging with interventionist state with a considerably high degree of democracy.

Citizens are more distinctive factor in a democracy. The leaders will focus on addressing diverse economic needs. For instance, understanding social and political problems facing different communities and ensuring that they access equal rights is an important strategy that aims to promote an effective state system. By considering citizens as the primary factors, democracy creates a platform for changes and effective identification of leaders. Such strategy is important for Botswana since some leaders can fail to deliver their goals and citizens have a right of identifying and electing a more competent leader. Moreover, citizens have equal opportunities of making amendments to its constitution. As a result, addressing limitations associated with the current system can be achieved successfully.

Chile

Chile is one of the most developed countries with an authoritarian military dictatorship that has ruled for seventeen years. The regime is characterized by military powers and suppression of political parties. The leadership models were considered as one of the strategy that aimed to address failures associated with democratic leadership. Due to problems created from the democratic leadership, dictatorship has opened space to address diverse issues thus promoting economic and political liberalization. Dictatorship in Chile is considered as an influential leadership styles that remove ineffective leaders from power. A leader is in control of how the government is run and therefore, creates a platform where failure can be identified and addressed based on the country’s strategic goals

Chile’s military dictatorship created an opportunity for stability, civilian rule and economic success. However incomplete transitions and the nature of dictatorship has affected Chile’s citizens from participating as part of the group that make amendments and policies to the constitution. Due to challenges associated with the past democratic government, dictatorship was considered as a primary tool required to minimize negative economic, social and political outcomes (Schmitter & Karl, 1991). Military power has then been influential in providing a supportive environment for growth. It has also created an opportunity to mitigate risks associated with specific sectors thus ensuring that growth is sustained. Economic stability was achieved after military leaders took over from democratic government. It is considered to have a significant influence in ensuring that the country adheres to specific constitutional principle. As a result, solutions to social and economic problems can be addressed based on well-researched analysis.

Chile’s dictatorship success has been also attributed to the strong influence of their leader on other state. Personality of leader can influence other leaders to sign treaties and agreement to promote development. This has been noted with Chile government. Its success in initiating diplomatic relationship has been attributed to the influential models adopted by its leaders. The influence of military is further considered to create an organized framework where leaders can be appointed based on merit and ability to deliver services based on its constitutional requirement. Therefore, Chile’s dictator has recognized significance of taking control of government and identifying ineffective leaders. Chile’s military leader nominates leaders to high ranking positions and this reduces complexities and expenses associated with democratic elections. Most of the leaders in Chile are multigenerational and they are considered to have leadership skills right from childhood.

References

Ginsburg, T., Huq, A., & Landau, D. (2021). The Comparative Constitutional Law of Presidental Impeachment. U. Chi. L. Rev., 88, 81.

Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1993). Political regimes and economic growth. Journal of economic perspectives, 7(3), 51-69.

Schmitter, P. C., & Karl, T. L. (1991). What democracy is… and is not. Journal of democracy, 2(3), 75-88.

4 Comprehensive Literacy Assessment Student’s name: Institutional Affiliation: Course code: Name Professor’s

answer the following question: Recently we have focused our discussion on Modernist film. Please write an essay explaining what Writing Assignment Help 4

Comprehensive Literacy Assessment

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Institutional Affiliation:

Course code: Name

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Date:

Comprehensive Literacy Assessment

Assessments of early childhood programs are an important practice that should be developed and applied to guide the teachers’ instructional practice systematically. The assessment can also help guide the programmatic decision-making of the administrators and inform leaders on how to use the resources to support the right development effectively (Carroll et al., 2019). Assessments allow the collection of information that can guide the decision-making process. The early childhood professionals should provide information that helps understand children’s skills and abilities to help design the learning environment and strategies of instruction that can help the children learn, develop, and grow.

As children grow from birth to the age of 9, factors such as social interactions, emotions, and creativity play an important role in developing literacy. When there is an integration of literacy, psychology, and arts, children have an enhanced learning process. Children will also learn better when they are actively involved in their environment (Carroll et al., 2019). Children’s language acquisition needs the interaction theory with the lives of children, their teachers, and the community. Some of the following literacy assessment methods can evaluate the learning process.

Sound Recognition

Children need to develop familiarity with the alphabet letters to develop reading skills. When instructing children, the focus should be on unknown letters and sounds. They should recognize both upper and lower case letters. The assessment should show a letter to the child and ask them to identify the sound or letter. Preschool children should be able to recognize letters. The assessment should be done three times, first at the start of school, then mid and end year.

Print Awareness Assessment

The print concepts are mostly learned by accident as they are exposed to books and reading. Print includes understanding that the book has meaning, letters, sentences, and spaces. It also covers the need to know the meaning of the use of books (Towell et al., 2018). The assessment can measure the ability to understand the meaning of print, words, uses of print, and the difference between words and letters. Children sometimes enter school with some level of print recognition, but mostly, the learning happens once they join the school. Assessment can be done twice at the start of the year and mid-year to allow for adjustment.

Phonological Awareness Assessment

Phonological awareness is needed for the part of reading instruction. Children display their phonological awareness in many ways. An assessment is necessary to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the instruction method. It tests the recognition of words, rhyme, and syllables (Towell et al., 2018). The assessment can ask questions like that to assess the child’s recognition of the above aspects. Children should identify words at the age of 2 and rhyme at 4. It should be administered in Kindergarten and first grade.

Phonemic Awareness Assessment

It evaluates the ability to distinguish words that start with the same sound, insulate particular sounds from a word, blend sounds into words, break words into sounds, and manipulate sounds in a word. The assessment should be done twice in Kindergarten and in first grade to help inform the instruction.

The assessments are used for different purposes. The first purpose is to learn about and identify the needs of the children, which can help to single out the children who may require additional support. The information collected van to be used to develop the framework for developing the curriculum, adapt the system to meet the needs of every child, and offer background information to the families about their children (Russo et al., 2019). An effective assessment method should apply different strategies to acquire information on children’s learning and development. Beyond the assessment, a comprehensive system should measure all the indicators that provide information about the children’s school experience concerning readiness and positive outcomes. The types of assessments include formative child assessment, screening, assessment of child of teacher-child interactions, and assessment of the classroom environment.

Screening; is a process that helps identify whether the development meets the standards of development expectations. The screening tools should be age and developmentally appropriate. It should also be valid and reliable and address behavioral health, child development, and physical health such as sight and hearing (Russo et al. 2019). It should be easily implementable and used to help identify the children who may need more care.

Class environment assessment is the type of assessment that helps examine designing a quality early learning classroom and schedule. It also looks into the equipment and materials to be included within the strategies for the children’s interaction with the learning materials. In most cases, institutions use the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-R preschool version as the tool for assessing the classroom environment.

Formative Child Assessment: the formative assessment is used to monitor a child’s growth and development over time to help inform the planning of the instruction method. For a formative assessment to be effective, it needs to collect information from multiple sources of evidence over time and use it to align with the early learning development standards. The information is collected over time through planned observations during instruction.

References

Carroll, J. M., Holliman, A. J., Weir, F., & Baroody, A. E. (2019). Literacy interest, home literacy environment, and emergent literacy skills in preschoolers. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(1), 150-161.

Russo, J. M., Williford, A. P., Markowitz, A. J., Vitiello, V. E., & Bassok, D. (2019). Examining the validity of a widely-used school readiness assessment: Implications for teachers and early childhood programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 48, 14-25.

Towell, J. L., Powell, K. C., & Brown, S. (2018). Creative literacy in action: Birth through age nine. Boston, MA: Cengage. Mindtap.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 0 Computer Sciences and Information Technology Student’s Name Institution Course

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

0

Computer Sciences and Information Technology

Student’s Name

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Challenges In IT Acquisition Requirements

Identifying and documenting the IT acquisition requirements involves clients and user requirements. Acquisition requirements are all the processes involved in satisfying the needs of an organization. It addresses the needs of shareholders and clients and, when not properly handled, can create challenges in its implementation. IT acquisition strategy sets a roadmap for an organization to meet its requirements. However, it faces two challenges non-functional requirements and user diversity.

The challenge of user diversity arises when stakeholders differ in perspectives regarding coming up with the requirements of an IT system. Various diverse groups exist in any project, including designers, developers, stakeholders, and clients. A client has their specification and understanding of requirements different from those of the developers and stakeholders. The challenges come in when the diversity of the user groups creates a contradiction and misunderstanding (Gasca-Hurtado et al., n.d.). The result is that poor planning, gaps, and security problems arise, and objectives fail to be smartly defined and achieved.

The best way to address the challenge of user diversity is inclusion. By including every stakeholder in all activities, every user group will clearly understand the organization’s aims, goals, missions, and vision. Doing so ensures that decisions and proper planning can be made without confusion or conflicts.

Non-functional requirements define the system attributes, including maintainability, security, performance, usability, and reliability. Defining the non-functional requirements creates complexity, especially since too much information gets generated, making it hard to specify an IT purchase process (Gasca-Hurtado et al., n.d.). Attributes such as performance are complex to determine, which is a challenge. However, the organization can solve the challenge by establishing clear policies and guidelines regarding their non-functional requirement expectations from any IT purchase process.

Changing Requirements

When requirements are defined, each party should play their role in clearly analyzing and understanding every part of the requirement. A contract implies that the parties involved have an understanding of their responsibilities. It shouldn’t be permittable to add, remove or change requirements after approval. For one, changing the requirements causes a delay in delivery as the new changes must be discussed, which should have been done prior (hakim, 2022). Furthermore, it signifies incompetence as what needs to be currently added should have been added during the requirements specification time. Thus, changing requirements shouldn’t be permitted once approved.

Changing requirements change the project’s cost and consequentially decreases its quality of service. Hence, even in the subsequent project, it shouldn’t be permitted to edit, add or remove requirements. Resources and other components of projects are defined at their early stages. The initial requirements should adhere to the end for a successful project (Al-Saiyd, 2018). Instead, what should be done is to take a critical note of the requirements when defining them and forecast what could change and change it during that time.

Work Breakdown Structure

Project scheduling is key to the success of a project. By breaking down the project into achievable tasks, dependencies get eliminated, minimizing complexity. The main aim is to divide tasks and allocate each to team members (Jung et al., 2018). However, the breaking down of the project is not obvious. I have had difficulties identifying the activities involved in the project to help split the project into smaller tasks. However, once I identified the tasks involved, I found ease in breaking down the project and scheduling the activities.

Nevertheless, I encountered challenges in cost and time estimation. For one, I was building an Android app, and I had not speculated about the changes in requirements, such as increasing the RAM. Thus, I incurred unplanned costs. Still, some tasks lagged schedule, unlike how I estimated them. I solved the issues by outsourcing more funds for the project to handle cost estimation uncertainties and working overtime to remain on schedule.

References

Al-Saiyd, N. (2018). A Multistep Approach for Managing the Risks of Software Requirements Volatility. Computer And Information Science, 9(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v9n1p101

Gasca-Hurtado, G., Arias, J., & Gómez, M. Technique for Risk Identification of Software Acquisition and Information Technologies. Global Business Expansion, 1337-1352. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5481-3.ch062

hakim, h. (2022). Measures Driven Change Impact Analysis Approach for Prioritizing Software Requirements Changes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4082800

Jung, H., Kosmopoulou, G., Lamarche, C., & Sicotte, R. (2018). STRATEGIC BIDDING AND CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION. International Economic Review, 60(2), 801-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12368