2 Mangrove Forests Impacts On The Economy And Individual Households Due To History Assignment Help Is It Legit

Mangrove Forests Impacts on the Economy and Individual Households Due to Climate change

Research proposal

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Impact of mangrove forests on the economy and individual households as a result of climate change

Among the world’s most diverse and dynamic ecosystems are mangrove forests (Hogarth 2007). Tropical and subtropical mangrove forests, which cover 15.2 million hectares, protect coastal areas from tidal surges, coastal erosion, and hurricanes. Approximately 23% of the original mangrove forest area has been destroyed in the last two decades alone, putting them in grave peril around the world (Giri et al., 2011). Human activities in or near the forest, such as farming, aquaculture, and logging, pose a persistent threat to the remnant forests. A mangrove forest of this size is not an uncommon, even in the Sundarbans. Economically, these coastal woodlands perform a unique function. In order for the region to thrive, the Sundarbans’ ecosystem services must be preserved.

To protect both coastal and inland communities, a dense forest serves as an effective barrier. It offers more than 300,000 people with a source of income (Deb, 2001). People who collect wood, honey, chunari, kathkurani, jele, and sutar are all part of this group of wood and honey collectors (boat manufacturers). Compared to those with higher salaries, those with lower and intermediate incomes received 74% and 48% of their total income from Forest income, respectively. (Abdullah, et al., 2016 p15). Forest resources provided more income to higher-income households, but when forest income is added to household income, measured inequality is reduced by 27%, indicating that forests provide a more egalitarian source of income than most other sources at the study sites expand the wealth gap between those who live on the forest’s edge and those who do not. The income from the mangrove forest is compared to money from other sources, and income is described across different socioeconomic income categories in this study.

People in Bangladesh are growing increasingly interested in environmental adaptability and green development. “Building with Nature” is touted as a breakthrough Ecosystem Engineering technique that should be one of the primary tools in Bangladesh’s 7th Five-Year Plan (2015-16 to 2019-20) ocean and coastal management plan (Hossain et al, 2014). Live organisms and ecosystems can help protect Bangladeshi coastal areas from erosion and flooding while also offering a variety of ecological services and goods to local populations. There is need to study policy instruments, analyze cost of the plan, and determine impact of mangrove forests on economy and household as a result in change in climate.

Background

Bangladesh’s coastline, which is located on the Bay of Bengal, makes about 32 percent of the country’s total surface area. This vast region is home to more than 37 million people who rely on it for their everyday needs. Mangrove forests (such as the Sundarbans) and tidal wetlands are among the most important coastal habitats (fisheries, agriculture, etc.). The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers’ tidal delta plains are active, diverse, and vivacious by nature (Brammer 2014). The Himalayas provide freshwater and sediments, making the Bay of Bengal an ideal location for land reclamation due to its proximity to rivers and mountains.

However, channelization and mangrove loss have dramatically altered coastal water flow and sediment deposition processes, resulting in increased land subsidence, riverbank erosion, and saltwater intrusion (e.g. Auerbach et al. 2015, Brammer 2014). In the long run, a tectonic plate tilt has reduced the amount of fresh water reaching the delta, increasing the risk of salt intrusion. Due to growing water demand upstream and a forecast decrease in water flow from the Himalayans, traditional arable farming in the southern Delta is on the wane. Flooding, coastal erosion, and salt water intrusion are all threats to Bangladesh’s coastal areas, which could be worsened by climate change. As sea levels rise quicker, tropical cyclones will have a greater impact (Woodruff et al. 2013). Tropical cyclones are growing more often, and as a result, the coast is becoming more prone to flooding. Some of these effects can be mitigated via adaptive techniques, but the difficulty is not just to safeguard Bangladesh’s low-lying coastal areas from storm floods and sea-level rise, but also to do so in a cost-effective manner ” (Ysebaert, et al, 2017).

Importance of Research

The purpose of this research is to see how reliant the people who live near the Sundarbans Reserve Forest are on the mangrove ecosystem for their survival. It also shows how efficient the framework of common property rights is at protecting mangroves. The goals of FDCs’ livelihood security are examined and promoted in this essay. Mangrove forests, like other natural ecosystems, contribute significantly to low-income families’ income, although little is known about their involvement in the local economy. The worth of mangrove resources to local Bangladeshi communities should be assessed, according to this study, in order to better understand the role, they play in their local economy, particularly in poverty reduction.

Problem analysis

Forests occupy 17% of Bangladesh’s total land area, according to the Ministry of Environment and Forests. It has been suggested that the actual number is merely 7.7 percent. The author (Alam, 2009) claims that In the previous 30 years, Bangladesh has lost half of its forest cover (MOEF, 2008). Tree cover has dropped by half in the previous two decades, according to an alarming new report. An average of 2.1 percent of the world’s mangrove forests have been destroyed each year since 2001, according to the United Nations Environment Programme. (Valiela and colleagues, 2001). The principal causes of this reduction are anthropogenic and natural. By comparison, a 0.66 percent annual loss of global forest cover is just 3e5 times as high (Spalding et al., 2010). It is estimated that in some Asian countries mangrove conversion for shrimp aquaculture has resulted in an 80 percent loss. Bangladesh’s forest sector is expected to provide 5% of GDP and 2% of employment to the country’s economy by 2020. (MOEF, 2005). In terms of GDP, it contributes just 1.7%, and in terms of employment, it contributes nothing, according to the FAO (FAO).

Property rights are well-known in developing countries when it comes to forest management (Roy, et al, 2013 p141). If fishing communities have adequate property rights, they are more likely to assist in forest conservation activities. Property rights are important in encouraging community engagement in forest conservation activities, notably in the areas of health and sanitation, as well as the requirement for money lenders to fund fishing ventures. Fishermen in two villages, for example, have developed ways to diversify their revenue sources and encourage alternate income-generating activities in order to lessen their dependency on fishing and local money lenders (Akon, 2013). This type of diversification, however, is frequently prohibited.

Research Questions

Is the local populace passionate about mangrove preservation?

What do you think about woods in general?

Reduced access to forest resources would have a substantial negative impact on the livelihoods of rural poor people, diminishing forest income?

In question three, FDCs’ perspectives on their potential involvement in mangrove conservation approaches and management are examined.

Is increasing the amount of money earned from forest products a viable way to alleviate poverty and minimize economic disparities?

What is the impact of climate change on mangrove forests?

Theoretical framework

The Schlager and Ostrom theoretical framework was utilized to investigate local forest-dependent people’s favorable conservation attitudes, as well as the impact of socioeconomic and demographic variables on these attitudes (Abdullah, et al, 2016 p15). They were more likely to engage in alternative livelihood activities that had a direct influence on their economic well-being when illegal forest resource access was outlawed. Because of a lack of economic alternatives, residents living near forests have resorted to unlawfully accessing them. The existing state property rights framework, according to 60% of those polled, infringes on their harvesting rights. People asked said they wished to get involved in conservation initiatives as landowners (57 percent). If policymakers implement Schlager and Ostrom’s concept of de facto and de jure ownerships and management adjustments, people who rely on forests and mangrove ecosystems like the Sundarbans may be able to develop sustainable livelihoods.

By 2050, the world’s population will have increased to 9 billion people, who will require more food, energy, minerals, and space, all of which will necessitate a greater use of ocean and coastal resources and the space they give (inevitably and dramatically). As a result, innovative and sustainable techniques and procedures, as well as creative thinking, are necessary. Fisheries, maritime transportation, environmental preservation and biodiversity, seafood safety, and coastal security are all important issues.

Literature review

Mangrove plantations in Bangladesh

Flooding, salinization, and cyclones are all-natural calamities Bangladesh is subject to because of its funnel-shaped geomorphology and its low elevation, dense population, and low socioeconomic status (WARPO, 2006). Since the 1960s, coastal populations have had structural safeguards in place to reduce their vulnerability to natural disasters (Islam 2004). Structures (embankments) and cyclone shelters have been built to reduce the impact of tropical storms and storm surges. The government began a coastal afforestation initiative in 1966 after discovering that the Sundarbans protected the shoreline. Four separate Coastal Afforestation Divisions were in charge of the project. At an average of 320 hectares each year, plantations expanded over this period. The Coastal Afforestation Divisions were handed newly acquired land totaling 497,976 hectares in 1976 for a 10-year tenure because it takes time to establish plantations. After determining that the plantation program had been a success in 1986, the Forest Department chose to extend its control over the region for another 20 years.

At the time, the main purpose was to reduce the devastation caused by tropical storms and storm surges. Additional goals, such as lumber production, wildlife protection, and aquatic habitat building, as well as establishing economic opportunities for coastal towns and the preservation of newly acquired properties, were not included until a few years later. To attain these distinct objectives, several different strategies have been proposed. The initial focus of the plantation was on a few essential species. Everything that is valuable will be worth money a little later. Only two species of mangrove were tested, and both did exceptionally well.

These two types of plantations account for about 85 percent of the plantations, which cover an area of 800 square kilometers (Blasco et al. 2001). Because mangroves are pioneer species in mangrove succession, they can survive in newly accreted sites with regular inundation (Das and Siddiqi 1985). Due to the unpredictable nature of the Bangladesh coastline, which demands numerous planting cycles lasting up to three years, plantation establishment is time-consuming and labor-intensive.

Analysis of the economics and utility of mangroves

Mangroves and offshore fisheries need to be linked, and the mangrove system’s assessment needs to be improved. Fisheries in mangroves produce far more valuable items than forestry. More CBA studies applying the ecosystem technique are required as a result of pioneering work that has resulted in a theoretical foundation for such valuation, but actual testing has not yet been completed (Primavera, 1997 p815). Mangrove (and other intertidal) ecosystems are linked to fisheries output via trophic subsidy and nursery ground use. It appears, however, that the exported waste has little effect on offshore manufacturing. A mangrove nursery may play an important role in off-shore prawn captures by feeding and shielding the shrimp from predators. Enhanced economic analysis of shrimp production from aquaculture ponds is also needed. ‘ Shrimp aquaculture, like salmon farming, should account for externalities like social and environmental costs in determining the ultimate product’s price.

The effects of change in climate on mangrove forests

Climate change has been observed over comparable historical times. Climate change threatens the mangrove ecosystem and the creatures that rely on it. Zone of bioclimatic variation: Bangladesh (62%) and India (42%) make up the Sundarbans mangrove ecoregion (38 percent ) In the Sundarbans, one of the world’s largest protected regions, the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris L) is the dominant predator. As a result, by controlling the volume and distribution of prey, it has an impact on forest structure, composition, and regeneration. The migration of animals may have a negative influence as climate change alters the ecosystem’s flora and fauna. Tiger-human conflicts arise when tigers leave their normal habitats and come into contact with humans and their livestock. Because habitat loss and changes in wildlife behavior are major factors in tiger-human conflict, the study’s main purpose is to determine how climate change affects salinity intrusion, biodiversity, and floral and faunal composition. Secondary data was cited and changed as needed after a thorough study of relevant literature on a number of websites.

The livelihoods and living styles of people living near the Sundarbans in Bangladesh were surveyed to see if there was a link between tiger attacks and their way of life. We used ArcGIS 9.3 to visualize the tiger habitat and find the underlying causes of human-tiger interactions. Climate change has had a profound impact on the species mix of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, resulting in an increase in tiger-human confrontations. Alternative Income Generation (AIG), a social and cultural revolution for sustainable alternative livelihoods for forest-dependent populations, a change in the formal legal system, institutional development, and in-depth research can all help to address these issues and ensure the Sundarbans mangrove forests’ long-term viability (Rahim, et al, 2015).

Governance in Bangladesh’s mangrove ecosystem

A co-management model has been in place since 2008 for biodiversity conservation and improved livelihoods in Bangladesh’s Sundarbans, according to the authors (Mollick et al 2021, p1). Researchers are limited in the area of research on how co-managed mangrove protected areas maintain and govern themselves (PA). Stakeholders’ views on good governance in PA co-management in Bangladesh’s Sundarbans were examined through the use of a case study. We collected data using both qualitative (11 key informant interviews and 4 focus group talks) and quantitative methods (135 structured interviews) within a “good governance framework” based on six governance principles (stakeholder participation, transparency, responsiveness, legitimacy, fairness, and organizational capacity).

The quantitative data was analyzed using chi-square tests, medians, frequencies (percentages), and contingency tables. Stakeholder participation, transparency, responsiveness, legitimacy, fairness and organizational competency received neutral ratings from 30–35 percent of the participants in the survey. A lack of governance in the Sundarbans’ PA co-management suggests this. According to our analysis, the new policy framework has a much larger gap between its declared goals and the actual implementation of PA governance on the ground. PA managers throughout the world could use the study’s findings to design effective policies for PA co-management, whether in their own countries or elsewhere.

Methodology

Design of the study

Secondary quantitative research. In this research method, we will use the already existing data also known as secondary data. This existing data is then summarized and arranged to increase the overall efficacy of the research.

A data-gathering design

Common secondary research methods include data collection through the internet, libraries, archives, schools and organizational reports. Online data is data that is gathered via the internet.

Study Area

The study will study secondary sources from settlements which will be located in Bagerhat District’s Mongla Sub-district. It is bordered on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the north by the Sundarbans. Villages are chosen for inclusion in this study based on their closeness to the Sundarbans forest.

Choosing a sample size

Recent secondary sources are selected because it is up to date and accurate.

Analyze the information

There must be an in-depth examination of all sources used in academic research. The following criteria should be met when looking for secondary sources: Clearly checking the author, his/ her experience, reputable academic publisher produced it. What is the author’s or the study’s purpose What kind of bibliography does the book/article have, Do you know where the author gets his or her information, research any prior knowledge of the author’s supplementary materials, In order to verify the author’s sources, is it possible to look through their bibliography.

Proposed schedule

This study duration will be six months start from May, 2022 and end by October, 2022 which includes tools preparation, data collection, data management, analysis and report writing.

Activity

Mar 26

June 26

July 26

August 26

September 26

October 26

Proposal writing

Ethics forms approval

Data analysis and thesis writing

Thesis

Reference

Abdullah, A.N.M., Stacey, N., Garnett, S.T. and Myers, B., 2016. Economic dependence on mangrove forest resources for livelihoods in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Forest Policy and Economics, 64, pp.15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.12.009

Iftekhar, M.S. and Takama, T., 2008. Perceptions of biodiversity, environmental services, and conservation of planted mangroves: a case study on Nijhum Dwip Island, Bangladesh. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 16(2), pp.119-137. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-007-9060-8

Mollick, A.S., Roy, M., Khan, N.I., Islam, W., Sadath, N. and Nath, T.K., 2021. Assessing good governance in protected areas (PA) Co-management: a case study of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forests of Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, pp.1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2021.1923531

Primavera, J.H., 1997. Socio‐economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquaculture research, 28(10), pp.815-827.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00946.x

Rahim, S.A., HAQUE, M.Z., REZA, M.I.H., ELFITHRI, R., MOKHTAR, M.B. and ABDULLAH, M., 2015. Behavioral change due to climate change effects accelerate tiger human conflicts: a study on sundarbans mangrove forests, Bangladesh. International Journal of Conservation Science, 6(4).

Roy, A.K.D., Alam, K. and Gow, J., 2013. Community perceptions of state forest ownership and management: A case study of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest in Bangladesh. Journal of environmental management, 117, pp.141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.004

Ysebaert, T., Jansen, H.M. and Poelman, M., 2017. Coastal protection and seafood security in Bangladesh: Food for thought.