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Life on Land Imposes Unique Constraints discussion argumentative essay help online: argumentative essay help onlineCHAPTER 4
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015).Elements of Ecology(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
4.1 Life on Land Imposes Unique Constraints
The transition from life in aquatic environments to life on land brought with it a variety of constraints. Perhaps the greatest constraint imposed by terrestrial environments is desiccation. Living cells, both plant and animal, contain about 7595 percent water. Unless the air is saturated with moisture, water readily evaporates from the surfaces of cells via the process of diffusion (see). The water that is lost to the air must be replaced if the cell is to remain hydrated and continue to function. Maintaining this balance of water between organisms and their surrounding environment (referred to as an organisms) has been a major factor in the evolution of life on land. For example, in adapting to the terrestrial environment, plants have evolved extensively specialized cells for different functions. Aerial parts of most plants, such as stems and leaves, are coated with a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss. While it reduces water loss, the waxy surface also prevents gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) from occurring. As a result, terrestrial plants have evolved pores on the leaf surface (stomata) that allow gases to diffuse from the air into the interior of the leaf (see).
To stay hydrated, an organism must replace water that it has lost to the air. Terrestrial animals can acquire water by drinking and eating. For plants, however, the process is passive. Early in their evolution, land plants evolved vascular tissues consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. The topic of water balance and the array of characteristics that plants and animals have evolved to overcome the problems of water loss are discussed in more detail later (seeand).
The giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) inhabits the waters off the coast of California. Anchored to the bottom sediments, these kelp plants can grow 100 feet or more toward the surface despite their lack of supportive tissues. These kelp plants are kept afloat through the buoyancy of gas-filled bladders attached to each blade, yet when the kelp plants are removed from the water, they collapse into a mass. (right) In contrast, a redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) of comparable height allocates more than 80 percent of its biomass to supportive and conductive tissues that help the tree resist gravitational forces.
Desiccation is not the only constraint imposed by the transition from water to land. Because air is less dense than water, it results in a much lower drag (frictional resistance) on the movement of organisms; but it greatly increases the constraint imposed by gravitational forces. The upward force of buoyancy resulting from the displacement of water helps organisms in aquatic environments overcome the constraints imposed by gravity (see). In contrast, the need to remain erect against gravitational force in terrestrial environments results in a significant investment in structural materials such as skeletons (for animals) or cellulose (for plants). The giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) inhabiting the waters off the coast of California is an excellent example (). It grows in dense stands calledkelp forests. Anchored to the bottom sediments, these kelp (macroalgae) can grow 100 feet or more toward the surface. The kelp are kept afloat by gas-filled bladders attached to each blade; yet when the kelp plants are removed from the water, they collapse into a mass. Lacking supportive tissues strengthened by cellulose and lignin, the kelp cannot support its own weight under the forces of gravity. In contrast, a tree of equivalent height inhabiting the coastal forest of California () must allocate more than 80 percent of its total mass to supportive and conductive tissues in the trunk (bole), branches, leaves, and roots.
Another characteristic of terrestrial environments is their high degree of variability, both in time and space. Temperature variations on land (air) are much greater than in water. The high specific heat of water prevents wide daily and seasonal fluctuations in the temperature of aquatic habitats (see). In contrast, such fluctuations are a characteristic of air temperatures (see). Likewise, the timing and quantity of precipitation received at a location constrains the availability of water for terrestrial plants and animals as well as their ability to maintain water balance. These fluctuations in temperature and moisture have both a short-term effect on metabolic processes and a long-term influence on the evolution and distribution of terrestrial plants and animals (seeand). Ultimately, the geographic variation in climate governs the large-scale distribution of plants and therefore the nature of terrestrial ecosystems (see).
4.2 Plant Cover Influences the Vertical Distribution of Light
In contrast to aquatic environments, where the absorption of solar radiation by the water itself results in a distinct vertical gradient of light, the dominant factor influencing the vertical gradient of light in terrestrial environments is the absorption and reflection of solar radiation by plants. When walking into a forest in summer, you will observe a decrease in light (). You can observe much the same effect if you examine the lowest layer in grassland or an old field (). The quantity and quality (spectral composition) of light that does penetrate the canopy of vegetation to reach the ground varies with both the quantity and orientation of theleaves.
The amount of light at any depth in the canopy is affected by the number of leaves above. As we move down through the canopy, the number of leaves above increases; so the amount of light decreases. However, because leaves vary in size and shape, the number of leaves is not the best measure of quantity. The quantity of leaves, or foliage density, is generally expressed as the leaf area. Because most leaves are flat, the leaf area is the surface area of one or both sides of the leaf. When the leaves are not flat, the entire surface area is sometimes measured. To quantify the changes in light environment with increasing area of leaves, we need to define the area of leaves per unit ground area (m2 leaf area/m2 ground area). This measure is the;). A LAI of 3 indicates a quantity of 3 m2 of leaf area over each 1 m2 of ground area.
The greater the LAI above any surface, the lower the quantity of light reaching that surface. As you move from the top of the canopy to the ground in a forest, the cumulative leaf area and LAI increase. Correspondingly, light decreases. The general relationship between available light and LAI is described by Beers law (see).
Absorption and reflection of light by the plant canopy. (a) A mixed coniferdeciduous forest reflects about 10 percent of the incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from the upper canopy, and it absorbs most of the remaining PAR within the canopy. (b) A meadow reflects 20 percent of the PAR from the upper surface. The middle and lower regions, where the leaves are densest, absorb most of the rest. Only 25 percent of PAR reaches the ground.
The concept of leaf area index (LAI). (a) A tree with a crown 10 m wide projects a circle of the same size on the ground. (b) Foliage density (area of leaves) at various heights above the ground. (c)Contributions of layers in the crown to the leaf area index. (d)Calculation of leaf area index (LAI). The total leaf area is 315m2. The projected ground area is 78.5 m2. The LAI is 4.
In addition to the quantity of light, the spectral composition (quality) of light varies through the plant canopy. Recall that the wavelengths of approximately 400 to 700 nm make up visible light (and). These wavelengths are also known as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) because they include the wavelengths used by plants as a source of energy in photosynthesis (see). The transmittance of PAR is typically less than 10 percent, whereas the transmittance of far-red radiation (730 nm) is much greater. As a result, the ratio of red (660 nm) to far-red radiation (R/FR ratio) decreases through the canopy. This shift in the spectral quality of light affects the production of phytochrome (a pigment that allows a plant to perceive shading by other plants), thus influencing patterns of growth and allocation (see,).
Influence of leaf orientation (angle) on the interception of light energy. If a leaf that is perpendicular to the source of light (a) intercepts 1.0 unit of light energy, the same leaf at an angle of 60 degrees relative to the light source will intercept only 0.5 unit (b). The reduction in intercepted light energy is a result of the angled leaf projecting a smaller surface area relative to the light source.
Besides the quantity of leaves, the orientation of leaves on the plant influences the attenuation of light through the canopy. The angle at which a leaf is oriented relative to the Sun changes the amount of light it absorbs. If a leaf that is perpendicular to the Sun absorbs 1.0 unit of light energy (per unit leaf area/time), the same leaf displayed at a 60-degree angle to the Sun will absorb only 0.5 units. The reason is that the same leaf area represents only half the projected surface area and therefore intercepts only half as much light energy (). Thus, leaf angle influences the vertical distribution of light through the canopy as well as the total amount of light absorbed and reflected. The sun angle varies, however, both geographically (see) and through time at a given location (over the course of the day and seasonally). Consequently, different leaf angles are more effective at intercepting light in different locations and at different times. For example, in high-latitude environments, where sunlight angles are low, canopies having leaves that are displayed at an angle will absorb light more effectively (see). Leaves that are displayed at an angle rather than perpendicular to the Sun are also typical of arid tropical environments. In these hot and dry environments, angled leaves reduce light interception during midday, when temperatures and demand for water are at their highest.
Although light decreases downward through the plant canopy, some direct sunlight does penetrate openings in the crown and reaches the ground as sunflecks. Sunflecks can account for 7080 percent of solar energy reaching the ground in forest environments ().
Quantifying Ecology 4.1 Beers Law and the Attenuation of Light
Due to the absorption and reflection of light by leaves, there is a distinct vertical gradient of light availability from the top of a plant canopy to the ground. The greater the surface area of leaves, the less light will penetrate the canopy and reach the ground. The vertical reduction, or attenuation, of light through a stand of plants can be estimated using Beers law, which describes the attenuation of light through a homogeneous medium. The medium in this case is the canopy of leaves. Beers law can be applied to the problem of light attenuation through a plant canopy using the following relationship:
The subscriptirefers to the vertical height of the canopy. For example, ifiwere in units of meters, a value ofi= 5 refers to a height of 5 m above the ground. The valueeis the natural logarithm (2.718). The light extinction coefficient,k, represents the quantity of light attenuated per unit of leaf area index (LAI) and is a measure of the degree to which leaves absorb and reflect light. The extinction coefficient will vary as a function of leaf angle (see) and the optical properties of the leaves. Although the value of ALi is expressed as a proportion of the light reaching the top of the canopy, the quantity of light at any level can be calculated by multiplying this value by the actual quantity of light (or photosynthetically active radiation) reaching the top of the canopy (units ofmol/m2/s).
For the example presented in, we can construct a curve describing the available light at any height in the canopy. In, the light extinction coefficient has a value ofk= 0.6 as an average value for a temperate deciduous forest. We label vertical positions from the top of the canopy to ground level on the curve. Knowing the amount of leaves (LAI) above any position in the canopy (i), we can use the equation to calculate the amount of light there.
The availability of light at any point in the canopy will directly influence the levels of photosynthesis (see). The light levels and rates of light-limited photosynthesis for each of the vertical canopy positions are shown in the curve in. Light levels are expressed as a proportion of values for fully exposed leaves at the top of the canopy (1500mol/m2/s). As one moves from the top of the canopy downward, the amount of light reaching the leaves and the corresponding rate of photosynthesis decline.
Beers law can also be used to describe the vertical attenuation of light in aquatic environments, but applying the light extinction coefficient (k) is more complex. The reduction of light with water depth is a function of various factors: (1) attenuation by the water itself (see,); (2) attenuation by phytoplankton (microscopic plants suspended in water), typically expressed as the concentration of chlorophyll (the light-harvesting pigment of plants) per volume of water (see); (3) attenuation by dissolved substances; and (4) attenuation by suspended particulates. Each of these factors has an associated light extinction coefficient, and the overall light extinction coefficient (kT) is the sum of the individual coefficients:
Whereas the light extinction coefficient for leaf area expresses the attenuation of light per unit of LAI, these values ofkare expressed as the attenuation of light per unit of water depth (such as centimeter, meter, inches, or feet). Beers law can then be used to estimate the quantity of light reaching any depth (z) by using the following equation:
ALZ=ekTZALZ=ekTZ
If the ecosystem supports submerged vegetation, such as kelp (see), seagrass, or other plants that are rooted in the bottom sediments, the preceding equation can be used to calculate the available light at the top of the canopy. The equation describing the attenuation of light as a function of LAI can then be applied (combined) to calculate the further attenuation from the top of the plant canopy to the sediment surface.
1. If we assume that the value ofkused to calculate the vertical profile of light in(k= 0.6) is for a plant canopy where the leaves are positioned horizontally (parallel to the forest floor), how would the value ofkdiffer (higher or lower) for a forest where the leaves were oriented at a 60-degree angle? (See the example in.)
2. In shallow-water ecosystems, storms and high wind can result in bottom sediments (particulates) being suspended in the water for some time before once again settling to the bottom. How would this situation affect the value ofkT and the attenuation of light in the water profile?
In many environments, seasonal changes strongly influence leaf area. For example, in the temperate regions of the world, many forest tree species are deciduous, shedding their leaves during the winter months. In these cases, the amount of light that penetrates a forest canopy varies with the season (). In early spring in temperate regions, when leaves are just expanding, 2050 percent of the incoming light may reach the forest floor. In other regions characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, a similar pattern of increased light availability at the ground level occurs during the dry season (see).
4.3 Soil Is the Foundation upon which All Terrestrial Life Depends
Soil is the medium for plant growth; the principal factor controlling the fate of water in terrestrial environments; natures recycling system, which breaks down the waste products of plants and animals and transforms them into their basic elements; and a habitat to a diversity of animal life, from small mammals to countless forms of microbial life (see).
As familiar as it is, soil is hard to define. One definition says that soil is a natural product formed and synthesized by the weathering of rocks and the action of living organisms. Another states that soil is a collection of natural bodies of earth, composed of mineral and organic matter and capable of supporting plant growth. Indeed, one eminent soil scientist, Hans Jennya pioneer of modern soil studieswill not give an exact definition of soil. In his bookThe Soil Resource, he writes:
Popularly, soil is the stratum below the vegetation and above hard rock, but questions come quickly to mind. Many soils are bare of plants, temporarily or permanently, or they may be at the bottom of a pond growing cattails. Soil may be shallow or deep, but how deep? Soil may be stony, but surveyors (soil) exclude the larger stones. Most analyses pertain to fine earth only. Some pretend that soil in a flowerpot is not a soil, but soil material. It is embarrassing not to be able to agree on what soil is. In this, soil scientists are not alone. Biologists cannot agree on a definition of life and philosophers on philosophy.
Of one fact we are sure. Soil is not just an abiotic environment for plants. It is teeming with lifebillions of minute and not so minute animals, bacteria, and fungi. The interaction between the biotic and the abiotic makes the soil a living system.
Soil scientists recognize soil as a three-dimensional unit, or body, having length, width, and depth. In most places on Earths surface, exposed rock has crumbled and broken down to produce a layer of unconsolidated debris overlaying the hard, unweathered rock. This unconsolidated layer, called the, varies in depth from virtually nonexistent to tens of meters. This interface between rock and the air, water, and living organisms that characterizes the surface environment is where soil is formed.
4.4 The Formation of Soil Begins with Weathering
Soil formation begins with the weathering of rocks and their minerals. Weathering includes the mechanical destruction of rock materials into smaller particles as well as their chemical modification.results from the interaction of several forces. When exposed to the combined action of water, wind, and temperature, rock surfaces flake and peel away. Water seeps into crevices, freezes, expands, and cracks the rock into smaller pieces. Wind-borne particles, such as dust and sand, wear away at the rock surface. Growing roots of trees split rock apart.
Without appreciably influencing their composition, mechanical weathering breaks down rock and minerals into smaller particles. Simultaneously, these particles are chemically altered and broken down throughThe presence of water, oxygen, and acids resulting from the activities of soil organisms and the continual addition of organic matter (dead plant and animal tissues) enhance the chemical weathering process. Rainwater falling on and filtering through this organic matter and mineral soil sets up a chain of chemical reactions that transform the composition of the original rocks and minerals.
4.5 Soil Formation Involves Five Interrelated Factors
Five interdependent factors are important in soil formation: parent material, climate, biotic factors, topography, and time.is the material from which soil develops. The original parent material could originate from the underlying bedrock; from glacial deposits (till); from sand and silt carried by the wind (eolian); from gravity moving material down a slope (colluvium); and from sediments carried by flowing water (fluvial), including water in floodplains. The physical character and chemical composition of the parent material are important in determining soil properties, especially during the early stages of development.
Biotic factorsplants, animals, bacteria, and fungiall contribute to soil formation. Plant roots can function to break up parent material, enhancing the process of weathering, as well as stabilizing the soil surface and reducing erosion. Plant roots pump nutrients up from soil depths and add them to the surface. In doing so, plants recapture minerals carried deep into the soil by weathering processes. Through photosynthesis, plants capture the Suns energy and transfer some of this energy to the soil in the form of organic carbon. On the soil surface, microorganisms break down the remains of dead plants and animals that eventually become organic matter incorporated into the soil (see). Climate influences soil development both directly and indirectly. Temperature, precipitation, and winds directly influence the physical and chemical reactions responsible for breaking down parent material and the subsequent(movement of solutes through the soil) and movement of weathered materials. Water is essential for the process of chemical weathering, and the greater the depth of water percolation, the greater the depth of weathering and soil development. Temperature controls the rates of biochemical reactions, affecting the balance between the accumulation and breakdown of organic materials. Consequently, under conditions of warm temperatures and abundant water, the processes of weathering, leaching, and plant growth (input of organic matter) are maximized. In contrast, under cold, dry conditions, the influence of these processes is much more modest. Indirectly, climate influences a regions plant and animal life, both of which are important in soil development.
Topography, the contour of the land, can affect how climate influences the weathering process. More water runs off and less enters the soil on steep slopes than on level land; whereas water draining from slopes enters the soil on low and flat land. Steep slopes are also subject to soil erosion and soil creepthe downslope movement of soil material that accumulates on lower slopes and lowlands.
Time is a crucial element in soil formation: all of the factors just listed assert themselves over time. The weathering of rock material; the accumulation, decomposition, and mineralization of organic material; the loss of minerals from the upper surface; and the downward movement of materials through the soil all require considerable time. Forming well-developed soils may require 2000 to 20,000 year
4.6 Soils Have Certain Distinguishing Physical Characteristics
Soils are distinguished by differences in their physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include color, texture, structure, moisture, and depth. All may be highly variable from one soil to another.
Color is one of the most easily defined and useful characteristics of soil. It has little direct influence on the function of a soil but can be used to relate chemical and physical properties. Organic matter (particularly humus) makes soil dark or black. Other colors can indicate the chemical composition of the rocks and minerals from which the soil was formed. Oxides of iron give a color to the soil ranging from yellowish-brown to red, whereas manganese oxides give the soil a purplish to black color. Quartz, kaolin, gypsum, and carbonates of calcium and magnesium give whitish and grayish colors to the soil. Blotches of various shades of yellowish-brown and gray indicate poorly drained soils or soils saturated by water. Soils are classified by color using standardized color charts (i.e., Munsell soil color charts).
Soil texture is the proportion of different-sized soil particles. Texture is partly inherited from parent material and partly a result of the soil-forming process. Particles are classified on the basis of size into gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Gravel consists of particles larger than 2.0 mm, but they are not part of the fine fraction of soil. Soils are classified based on texture by defining the proportion of sand, silt, and clay.
Sand ranges from 0.05 to 2.0 mm, is easy to see, and feels gritty. Silt consists of particles from 0.002 to 0.05 mm in diameter that can scarcely be seen by the naked eye; it feels and looks like flour. Clay particles are less than 0.002 mm and are too small to be seen under an ordinary microscope. Clay controls the most important properties of soils, including its water-holding capacity (see) and the exchange of ions between soil particles and soil solution (see). A soils texture is the percentage (by weight) of sand, silt, and clay. Based on proportions of these components, soils are divided into texture classes ().
Interpreting Ecological Data
1. Q1.What is the texture classification for a soil with 60 percent silt, 35 percent clay, and 5 percent sand?
2. Q2.What is the texture classification for a soil with 60 percent clay and 40 percent silt?
Soil texture affects pore space in the soil, which plays a major role in the movement of air and water in the soil and the penetration by roots. In an ideal soil, particles make up 50 percent of the soils total volume; the other 50 percent is pore space. Pore space includes spaces within and between soil particles, as well as old root channels and animal burrows. Coarse-textured soils have large pore spaces that favor rapid water infiltration, percolation, and drainage. To a point, the finer the texture, the smaller the pores, and the greater the availability of active surface for water adhesion and chemical activity. Very fine-textured or heavy soils, such as clays, easily become compacted if plowed, stirred, or walked on. They are poorly aerated and difficult for roots to penetrate.
Soil depth varies across the landscape, depending on slope, weathering, parent materials, and vegetation. In grasslands, much of the organic matter added to the soil is from the deep, fibrous root systems of the grass plants. By contrast, tree leaves falling on the forest floor are the principal source of organic matter in forests. As a result, soils developed under native grassland tend to be several meters deep, and soils developed under forests are shallow. On level ground at the bottom of slopes and on alluvial plains, soils tend to be deep. Soils on ridgetops and steep slopes tend to be shallow, with bedrock close to the surface.
4.7 The Soil Body Has Horizontal Layers or Horizons
Initially, soil develops from undifferentiated parent material. Over time, changes occur from the surface down, through the accumulation of organic matter near the surface and the downward movement of material. These changes result in the formation of horizontal layers that are differentiated by physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Collectively, a sequence of horizontal layers constitutes a. This pattern of horizontal layering, or, is easily visible where a recent cut has been made along a road bank or during excavation for a building site ().
The pattern of horizontal layering or soil horizons is easily visible where a recent cut has been made along a road bank. This soil is relatively shallow, with the parent material close to the surface.
The simplest general representation of a soil profile consists of four horizons: O, A, B, and C (). The surface layer is the, or organic layer. This horizon is dominated by organic material, consisting of partially decomposed plant materials such as leaves, needles, twigs, mosses, and lichens. This horizon is often subdivided into a surface layer composed of undecomposed leaves and twigs (Oi), a middle layer composed of partially decomposed plant tissues (Oe), and a bottom layer consisting of dark brown to black, homogeneous organic material or the humus layer (Oa). This pattern of layering is easily seen by carefully scraping away the surface organic material on the forest floor. In temperate regions, the organic layer is thickest in the fall, when new leaf litter accumulates on the surface. It is thinnest in the summer after decomposition has taken place.
A generalized soil profile. Over time, changes occur from the surface down, through the accumulation of organic matter near the surface and the downward movement of material. These changes result in the formation of horizontal layers, or horizons.
Below the organic layer is the, often referred to as the topsoil. This is the first of the layers that are largely composed of mineral soil derived from the parent materials. In this horizon, organic matter (humus) leached from above accumulates in the mineral soil. The accumulation of organic matter typically gives this horizon a darker color, distinguishing it from lower soil layers. Downward movement of water through this layer also results in the loss of minerals and finer soil particles, such as clay, to lower portions of the profilesometimes giving rise to an, a zone or layer of maximum leaching, or eluviation (from Latinexore, out, andlavere, to wash) of minerals and finer soil particles to lower portions of the profile. Such E horizons are quite common in soils developed under forests, but because of lower precipitation they rarely occur in soils developed under grasslands.
Below the A (or E) horizon is the, also called the subsoil. Containing less organic matter than the A horizon, the B horizon shows accumulations of mineral particles such as clay and salts from the leaching from the topsoil. This process is calledilluviation(from the Latinil, in, andlavere, to wash). The B horizon usually has a denser structure than the A horizon, making it more difficult for plants to extend their roots downward. B horizons are distinguished on the basis of color, structure, and the kind of material that has accumulated as a result of leaching from the horizons above.
Theis the unconsolidated material that lies under the subsoil and is generally made of original material from which the soil developed. Because it is below the zones of greatest biological activity and weathering and has not been sufficiently altered by the soil-forming processes, it typically retains much of the characteristics of the parent materials from which it was formed. Below the C horizon lies the bedrock.
4.8 Moisture-Holding Capacity Is an Essential Feature of Soils
If you dig into the surface layer of a soil after a soaking rain, you should discover a sharp transition between wet surface soil and the dry soil below. As rain falls on the surface, it moves into the soil by infiltration. Water moves by gravity into the open pore spaces in the soil, and the size of the soil particles and their spacing determine how much water can flow in. Wide pore spacing at the soil surface increases the rate of water infiltration; so coarse soils have a higher infiltration rate than fine soils do.
If there is more water than the pore space can hold, we say that the soil issaturated,and excess water drains freely from the soil. If water fills all the pore spaces and is held there by internal capillary forces, the soil is at(physically defined as the water content at 0.33 bar suction pressure, or .0033 MPa). Field capacity is generally expressed as the percentage of the weight or volume of soil occupied by water when saturated compared to the oven-dried weight of the soil at a standard temperature. The amount of water a soil holds at field capacity varies with the soils texturethe proportion of sand, silt, and clay. Coarse, sandy soil has large pores; water drains through it quickly. Clay soils have small pores and hold considerably more water. Water held between soil particles by capillary forces is.
As plants and evaporation from the soil surface extract capillary water, the amount of water in the soil declines. When the moisture level decreases to a point where plants can no longer extract water, the soil has reached the(physically defined as the water content at 15 bar suction pressure, or 1.5 MPa). The amount of water retained by the soil between field capacity and wilting point (or the difference between field capacity and wilting point) is theas shown in. The AWC provides an estimate of the water available for uptake by plants. Although water still remains in the soilfilling up to 25 percent of the pore spacessoil particles hold it tightly, making it difficult to extract.
Water content of three different soils at wilting point (WP), field capacity (FC), and saturation. The three soils differ in texture from coarse-textured sand to fine-textured silty clay loam (see soil texture chart of). Available water capacity (AWC) is defined as the difference between FC and WP. Both FC and WP increase from coarse- to fine-textured soils, and the highest AWC is in the intermediate-textured soils.
Interpreting Ecological Data
1. Q1.Although fine-textured soils (silty clay loam) have a greater AWC, for this value to be achieved, the soil must be at or above FC. In arid regions, low and infrequent precipitation may keep soil water content below FC for most of the growing season. If the measured value of soil water content at a site is 10 g/cm3, which soil texture (sand, silt, or clay) represented inwould have the greatest soil water available for uptake by plants?
2. Q2.What if the value of soil water was 35 g/cm3?
Both the field capacity and wilting point of a soil are heavily influenced by soil texture. Particle size of the soil directly influences the pore space and surface area onto which water adheres. Sand has 3040 percent of its volume in pore space, whereas clays and loams (see soil texture chart in) range from 40 to 60 percent. As a result, fine-textured soils have a higher field capacity than sandy soils, but the increased surface area results in a higher value of the wilting point as well (see). Conversely, coarse-textured soils (sands) have a low field capacity and a low wilting point. Thus, AWC is highest in intermediate clay loam soils.
The topographic position of a soil affects the movement of water both on and in the soil. Water tends to drain downslope, leaving soils on higher slopes and ridgetops relatively dry and creating a moisture gradient from ridgetops to streams.
4.9 Ion Exchange Capacity Is Important to Soil Fertility
Chemicals within the soil dissolve into the soil water to form a solution (see). Referred to as exchangeable nutrients, these chemical nutrients in solution are the most readily available for uptake and use by plants (see). They are held in soil by the simple attraction of oppositely charged particles and are constantly interchanging with the soil solution.
As described previously, anis a charged particle. Ions carrying a positive charge arecations,and ions carrying a negative charge areChemical elements and compounds exist in the soil solution both as cations, such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and ammonium (NH4+), and as anions, such as nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO42). The ability of these ions in soil solution to bind to the surface of soil particles depends on the number of negatively or positively charged sites within the soil. The total number of charged sites on soil particles within a volume of soil is called theIn most soils of the temperate zone, cation exchange predominates over anion exchange because of the prevalence of negatively charged particles in the soil, referred to asThe total number of negatively charged sites, located on the leading edges of clay Particles and soil organic matter (humus particles), is called theThese negative charges enable a soil to prevent the leaching of its positively charged nutrient cations. Because in most soils there are far fewer positively charged than negatively charged sites, anions such as nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO34) are not retained on exchange sites in soils but tend to leach away quickly if not taken up by plants. The CEC is a basic measure of soil quality and increases with higher clay and organic matter content.
Cations occupying the negatively charged particles in the soil are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with similar cations in the soil solution (). Cations in soil solution are continuously being replaced by or exchanged with cations on the clay and humus particles. The relative abundance of different ions on exchange sites is a function of their concentration in the soil solution and the relative affinity of each ion for the sites. In general, the physically smaller the ion and the greater its positive charge, the more tightly it is held. The lyotropic series places the major cations in order of their strength of bonding to the cation exchange sites in the soil:
The process of cation exchange in soils. Cations occupying the negatively charged particles in the soil are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with similar cations in the soil solution. Cations in soil solution are continuously being replaced by or exchanged with cations on clay and humus particles. Cations in the soil solution are also taken up by plants and leached to ground and surface waters.
AI3+>H+>Ca2+>Mg2+>k+=NH+4>Na+AI3+>H+>Ca2+>Mg2+>k+=NH4+>Na+
However, higher concentrations in the soil solution can overcome these differences in affinity.
Hydrogen ions added by rainwater, by acids from organic matter, and by metabolic acids from roots and microorganisms increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution and displace other cations, such as Ca2+, on the soil exchange sites. As more and more hydrogen ions replace other cations, the soil becomes increasingly acidic (see). Acidity is one of the most familiar of all chemical conditions in the soil. Typically, soils range from pH 3 (extremely acid) to pH 9 (strongly alkaline). Soils of more than pH 7 (neutral) are considered basic, and those of pH 5.6 or less are acid. As soil acidity increases, the proportion of exchangeable Al3+ increases, and Ca2+, Na+, and other cations decrease. High aluminum (Al3+) concentrations in soil solution can be toxic to plants. Aluminum toxicity damages the root system first, making the roots short, thick, and stubby. The result is reduced nutrient uptake.
4.10 Basic Soil Formation Processes Produce Different Soils
Broad regional differences in geology, climate, and vegetation give rise to characteristically different soils. The broadest level of soil classification is the order. Each order has distinctive features, summarized in, and its own distribution, mapped in. Although a wide variety of processes are involved in soil formation (pedogenesis), soil scientists recognize five main soil-forming processes that give rise to these different classes of soils. These processes are laterization, calcification, salinization, podzolization, and gleization.
is a process common to soils found in humid environments in the tropical and subtropical regions. The hot, rainy conditions cause rapid weathering of rocks and minerals. Movements of large amounts of water through the soil cause heavy leaching, and most of the compounds and nutrients made available by the weathering process are transported out of the soil profile if not taken up by plants. The two exceptions to this process are compounds of iron and aluminum. Iron oxides give tropical soils their unique reddish coloring (see Ultisol profile in). Heavy leaching also causes these soils to be acidic because of the loss of other cations (other than H1).
(Adapted from USGS, Soil Conservation Service.)
occurs when evaporation and water uptake by plants exceed precipitation. The net result is an upward movement of dissolved alkaline salts, typically calcium carbonate (CaCO3), from the groundwater. At the same time, the infiltration of water from the surface causes a downward movement of the salts. The net result is the deposition and buildup of these deposits in the B horizon (subsoil). In some cases, these deposits can form a hard layer calledcaliche().
is a process that functions similar to calcification, only in much drier climates. It differs from calcification in that the salt deposits occur at or near the soil surface (). Saline soils are common in deserts but may also occur in coastal regions as a result of sea spray. Salinization is also a growing problem in agricultural areas where irrigation is practiced.
occurs in cool, moist climates of the midlatitude regions where coniferous vegetation (e.g., pine forests) dominates. The organic matter of coniferous vegetation creates strongly acidic conditions. The acidic soil solution enhances the process of leaching, causing the removal of cations and compounds of iron and aluminum from the A horizon (topsoil). This process creates a sublayer in the A horizon that is composed of white- to gray-colored sand (see Spodosol profile in).
occurs in regions with high rainfall or low-lying areas associated with poor drainage (waterlogged). The constantly wet conditions slow the breakdown of organic matter by decomposers (bacteria and fungi), allowing the matter to accumulate in upper layers of the soil. The accumulated organic matter releases organic acids that react with iron in the soil, giving the soil a black to bluish-gray color (see Gelisol profile inas an example of soil formed through the process of gleization).
These five processes represent the integration of climate and edaphic (relating to the soil) factors on the formation of soils, giving rise to the geographic diversity of soils that influence the distribution, abundance, and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. (We will explore these topics further in,, and.)
(top) In arid regions, salinization occurs when salts (the white crust at the center of the photo) accumulate near the soil surface because of surface evaporation. (bottom) Calcification occurs when calcium carbonates precipitate out from water moving downward through the soil or from capillary water moving upward from below. The result is an accumulation of calcium in the B horizon (seen as the white soil layer in the photo).
Ecological Issues & Applications Soil Erosion Is a Threat to Agricultural Sustainability
In a report released in 1909, the U.S. Bureau of Soils stated The soil is the one indestructible, immutable asset that the nation possesses. It is the one resource that cannot be exhausted; that cannot be used up. Yet less than three decades later, the loss of soil resources would be at the center of one of the worst environmental disasters in U.S. historythe Dust Bowl; a disaster that would have profound economic, social, and environmental costs.
Between 1909 and 1929 farmers had tilled some 13million hectares of land in the Great Plains. In doing so they destroyed the sodthe grass-covered surface soil held together by the dense mat of fibrous roots. Once this protective cover of the native grassland was destroyed, the severe drought conditions and high winds during the period of the 1930s resulted in an increased susceptibility of the topsoil to wind erosion. As a result, dust storms raged nearly everywhere across the Great Plains of North America; but the most severely affected areas were in the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles, western Kansas, eastern Colorado, and northeastern New Mexicoa region that would become known as the Dust Bowl (). The most severe dust storms occurred between 1935 and 1938, although they would continue through 1941. It was estimated that 300 million tons of soil were removed from the region in May 1934 and spread over large portions of the eastern UnitedStates. By1935 an additional 850 million tons of topsoil were removed by wind erosion. It is estimated that by 1935 wind erosion had damaged 66 million hectares across 80 percent of the High Plains. By 1938 it was estimated that 12.5 inches of topsoil had been lost over an area of 4 million hectares and 6.5cm had been lost over another 5.5 million hectares.
The storms generated by this environmental disaster darkened cities, buried homes and farm equipment, killed livestock, and represented a serious health risk (and). Overall, the Dust Bowl rendered millions of acres of farmland virtually useless, left roughly half a million Americans homeless, and forced hundreds of thousands of people off the land. It also resulted in the most intense period of internal migration in U.S. history. Between 1932 and 1940, it is estimated that 2.5 million people abandoned the plains for other regions of the country.
In response to the environmental disaster of the Dust Bowl, U.S. president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, established the Soil Erosion Service (later the Soil Conservation Service, and now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), which marked the first major federal commitment to the preservation of natural resources in private hands. Even more significantly, in 1935, the Prairie States Forestry Project was established. Under this federal project, nearly 220 million trees were planted, creating more than 18,000 miles of windbreaks on some 30,000 farms, which formed a shelter belt from the Texas Panhandle to the Canadian border.
Although the end of the drought, together with soil conservation efforts following the Dust Bowl, abated the dramatic dust storms that blackened the skies over North America, the problem of soil erosion on agricultural lands remains a serious environmental issue. Approximately 50 percent of Earths land surface is devoted to agriculture, with about one-third planted in crops and two-thirds used for grazing. Of these two areas, cropland is more susceptible to erosion because the vegetation is most often removed and the soil tilled (plowed) before crops are planted. This functions to destabilize the soil surface, increasing rates of erosion resulting from both wind and water (). In addition, croplands are often left without vegetation cover between plantings (exposing the bare soil surface to erosion). According to David Pimentel of Cornell University, one of the leading experts in the study of agricultural ecology, currently about 80 percent of the worlds agricultural land suffers moderate to severe soil erosion. Worldwide, erosion on cropland averages about 30 tons per hectare per year and ranges from 0.5 to 400 tons per hectare per year. As a result of soil erosion, during the past four decades about 30 percent of the worlds arable land has become unproductive, much of which has been abandoned for agricultural use. Each year an estimated 10 million hectares of cropland worldwide are abandoned because of lack of productivity caused by soil erosion.
Rates of soil erosion on agricultural lands are influenced by a variety of factors. Topography of the landscape, patterns of rainfall and wind, and exposure all combine to influence the susceptibility of the soil surface to erosion. Soil structure influences the ease with which soils can be eroded. Soils with medium-to-fine texture (see) and low organic matter content are most easily eroded. Typically these soils have low water infiltration rates and are therefore susceptible to high rates of erosion by water and displacement by wind. Plant cover, both living and dead, greatly reduces rates of erosion by protecting the soil surface from exposure to agents of erosion.
Current estimates suggest that the degradation of agricultural lands alone will depress world food production by approximately 30 percent over the next 50 years, while during that same period the world population is predicted to exceed 9 billion (United Nations medium scenario; see,Ecological Issues & Applications). These forecasts point to the need to develop soil conservation techniques known to dramatically reduce soil erosion. For example, commercial corn production in the United States, which uses a practice of continuous crop production with annual plowing and removal of all plant materials at harvest, results in an average soil erosion rate of 44 tons per hectare per year. By using a practice of crop rotation in which a series of dissimilar/different types of crops are planted in the same area in sequential seasons (e.g., corn, wheat, and hay) erosion rates have been shown to decline to as little as 3 tons per hectare per year. No-till techniques, in which crops are planted directly in the soil without tilling or plowing the ground (), reduce average rates of erosion to 0.14 tons per hectare per year in corn fields. Similar reductions in rates of erosion have been measured with contour planting (plowing and planting row crops on a contour rather than up and down hill;) and the use of grass strips between crop rows. What all of these techniques share in common is that they serve to protect the soil surface from direct exposure to wind and rain.
Summary
Life on Land 4.1
Maintaining the balance of water between organisms and their surrounding environment has been a major influence on the evolution of life on land. The need to remain erect against the force of gravity in terrestrial environments results in a significant investment in structural materials. Variations in temperature and precipitation have both a short-term effect on metabolic processes and a long-term influence on the evolution and distribution of terrestrial plants and animals. The result is a distinct pattern of terrestrial ecosystems across geographic gradients of temperature and precipitation.
Light 4.2
Light passing through a canopy of vegetation becomes attenuated. The density and orientation of leaves in a plant canopy influence the amount of light reaching the ground. Foliage density is expressed as leaf area index (LAI), the area of leaves per unit of ground area. The amount of light reaching the ground in terrestrial vegetation varies with the season. In forests, only about 15 percent of light striking the canopy reaches the ground. Sunflecks on the forest floor enable plants to endure shaded conditions.
Soil Defined 4.3
Soil is a natural product of unconsolidated mineral and organic matter on Earths surface. It is the medium for plant growth; the principal factor controlling the fate of water in terrestrial environments; natures recycling system, which breaks down the waste products of plants and animals and transforms them into their basic elements; and a habitat to a diversity of animal life.
Weathering 4.4
Soil formation begins with the weathering of rock and minerals. In mechanical weathering, water, wind, temperature, and plants break down rock. In chemical weathering, the activity of soil organisms, the acids they produce, and rainwater break down primary minerals.
Soil Formation 4.5
Soil results from the interaction of five factors: parent material, climate, biotic factors, topography, and time. Parent material provides the substrate from which soil develops. Climate shapes soil development through temperature, precipitation, and its influence on vegetation and animal life. Biotic factorsvegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungiadd organic matter and mix it with mineral matter. Topography influences the amount of water entering the soil and the rates of erosion. Time is required to fully develop distinctive soils.
Distinguishing Characteristics 4.6
Soils differ in the physical properties of color, texture, and depth. Although color has little direct influence on soil function, it can be used to relate chemical and physical properties. Soil texture is the proportion of different-sized soil particlessand, silt, and clay. A soils texture is largely determined by the parent material but is also influenced by the soil-forming process. Soil depth varies across the landscape, depending on slope, weathering, parent materials, and vegetation.
Soil Horizons4.7
Soils develop in layers calledhorizons. Four horizons are commonly recognized, although not all of them are necessarily present in any one soil: the O or organic layer; the A (sometimes E) horizon, or topsoil, characterized by accumulation of organic matter; the B horizon, or subsoil, in which mineral materials accumulate; and the C horizon, the unconsolidated material underlying the subsoil and extending downward to the bedrock.
Moisture-Holding Capacity 4.8
The amount of water a soil can hold is one of its important characteristics. When water fills all pore spaces, the soil is saturated. When a soil holds the maximum amount of water it can retain, it is at field capacity. Water held between soil particles by capillary forces is capillary water. When the moisture level is at a point where plants cannot extract water, the soil has reached wilting point. The amount of water retained between field capacity and wilting point is the available water capacity. The available water capacity of a soil is a function of its texture.
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Promoting Cognitive Development Term Paper history essay help
Compare and contrast the approaches of each of the four perspectives (Piaget, Erikson, Skinner, and Vygotsky).
Explain how each theorist would approach the issue of cognitive development in early childhood. Describe how Keiths advice to Jasmines parents might vary depending on his theoretical perspective.
What role would society and family play in Jasmines cognitive development at this stage of development? What cultural, psychosocial and physical influences will be seen?
Incorporate information learned in your readings and at least one peer-reviewed* article from the library to support your conclusions. http://search.alexanderstreet.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ediv/view/work/1666569
* Peer reviewed means an article from a reputable journal, which can be found in the library. Peer reviewed indicates that other professionals in the field have reviewed and deemed it worthy of publication, in contrast to much if what we find online: someone posting something they want, without someone else verifying that their methods were rigorous enough and the study is valid.If you must supplement from a website, do NOT use .coms. Instead, look for .org, .gov, and sometimes .edu for more reputable sources. Never use Wikipedia or about.com.
http://search.alexanderstreet.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ediv/view/work/1666569
Write a 4 page paper in Word format. Be sure to include introductory and concluding paragraphs in your paper, a title page and a reference page. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
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Figurative Technologies Research Assignments homework essay help: homework essay help
Fig Technologies has identified concerns at several of their offices globally. Division has been noted on key teams based upon religion and sexual orientation. Several team members have complained that the non-Christian holidays and LGBT celebrations are not recognized by the established company celebrations or paid time off for observance. There have been complaints with regard to coworkers making harassing comments to this effect. The Executive Leadership Council has asked for you to draft an assessment of these concerns and then to propose a plan of action for addressing these concerns. Further, include a preliminary draft of policy to be included as an addendum to the organizational policy on discrimination and harassment. In your report, be sure to address the following:
Compare the impact of different religious beliefs and practices (choose three to four different religions) and how these affect the organizational culture, and describe how your new plan and policy will improve organizational culture through inclusion of different religious beliefs and practices.
Compare how belief systems of different gender orientations and sexual orientations may impact the organizational culture, and describe the effects of discrimination against any of these. In your plan of action, address how inclusion and assimilation of different orientations will improve organizational culture.
Support your recommendation through the use of at least two sources. Content should be two to three pages in length. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style.
Have some fun with the assignment. Use your creative thinking along with your critical thinking to include your perspective of the findings and how to address the issue
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Information Management term Paper college essay help nyc
Suppose you are the information technology (IT) manager for an IT company. You receive a report that contains a list of computer equipment stored in the company warehouse. You notice that the list also includes items that you know are not stored in the warehouse. Would you consider this list as good information? Why, or why not? Give some examples of at least three items on this list that you consider to be good information and at least three items on this list that would not be good information. Explain your reasoning, and include a discussion about why good information is important in management information systems (MIS).
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit I
In this unit, you have learned about management information systems (MIS) and the importance of it. For this assignment, compose a paper that discusses the key differences between data, information, information technology (IT), and information systems (IS). Your paper should address the components listed below.
Define what is meant by information.
Define what is meant by data.
Create two matrices (one for data and one for information) that illustrate the key differences between information and data, place the matrices into your paper, and briefly discuss the differences in one or two paragraphs. Each matrix should contain characteristics and/or facts about the subjects (data and information) that show how they are different. Define IT.
Define IS.
Using the five-component model as an example, discuss some differences between IT and IS.
If you are using Microsoft Word, you can develop a matrix using this program. For an example of how to create a matrix using Microsoft Word, see the Microsoft.com explanation by clicking the link below.
Microsoft. (n.d.). Create a matrix. Retrieved from https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Create-a-matrix-0E74423D-2E28- 4DEB-9223-A30C2312CC22
You may use another computer software program that you are familiar with to create the matrices. However, you must submit your assignment in a Microsoft Word document, and the matrices should be included in the body of your paper.
Your paper must be a minimum of two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and you must use at least two resources as references. Any information from these resources must be cited and referenced in APA format.
Unit II Journal
Refer back to the 2027? section on page 69 (Q1-Q7) of the textbook in uCertify, which provides an interesting discussion about the future of collaboration. After reading about the future of collaboration systems, how do you envision collaboration in your industry in the year 2027?
Describe the industry you currently work in or plan to work in along with a discussion of your vision of what collaboration will be like for your industry in the year 2027. Be sure to discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages to your vision of collaboration in 2027.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit II PowerPoint Presentation
In this assignment, you will create a presentation for your organization to explain how successful collaboration can improve success and provide competitive advantages.
Scenario: Your organization has used a variety of collaboration systems developed by some project managers. Some of
Information Systems Management
these systems were successful while others were not. Your organization has one unique challengemany of your employees are staffed at other locations or work from home (telework). You would like to standardize the collaboration process to improve team communication for all company projects. In your presentation, you should include the elements listed below.
Explain why collaboration information systems (IS) are important from the organizations perspective.
Discuss how collaboration tools can improve team communication.
Identify three tools that will be used for synchronous communications and three tools that will be used for asynchronous communications. Be sure to explain why you made these choices.
Describe how project files, such as Microsoft (MS) Word, MS Excel, MS Project, and MS Visio, will be shared with team members. Be sure to explain the rationale behind your choice.
Explain how the task list for managing tasks will be shared with team members. Be sure to explain the rationale behind your choice.
Discuss how this new collaboration IS could provide competitive advantages for your organization.
Your presentation should be a minimum of six slides in length (not counting the title and reference slides). Use of images, graphics, and diagrams is encouraged.
You can use an industry of your choosing or examples from your personal or professional experiences in developing this assignment. You can also use the resources in the Unit II Suggested Reading section to assist you with this assignment.
Be sure to follow the 7×7 rule (i.e., there should be no more than 7 words per line and no more than 7 lines per slide). You are required to use speaker notes to discuss the bullet points on your slides.
You must use at least two academic resources to support your presentation, and you must cite (in APA format) any information on your slides or in your speaker notes that came from these sources.
Unit III
In this unit, you learned about the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart devices. Think about how these concepts apply to your life, and describe how you use devices such as these in your day-to-day life.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
For decades, relational databases remained essentially unchanged; data was segmented into specific chunks for columns, slots, and repositories, also called structured data. However, in this Internet of Things (IoT) era, databases need to be reengineered because the very nature of data has changed. Todays databases need to be developed with the needs of IoT in mind and have the ability to perform real-time processing to manage workloads that are dynamic. For example, relational databases should be able to work with real-time data streaming and big data (an example was presented in the Unit III Lesson).
Scenario: Falcon Security wants their customers to be able to view security video footage in real-time and provide customers with the ability to query video footage for viewing. Choosing a database solution such as MongoDB would allow Falcon Security to store customer video footage in the same database as the metadata.
To do this, Falcon Security needs a way to manage the demands of real-time data streaming for real-time analytics. Conduct some research for a NoSQL database application, such as MongoDB or Cassandra, that could meet this need. How would switching to a real-time database solution help Falcon Security remain competitive? Create a PowerPoint presentation that includes the components listed below.
Provide a brief introduction to IoT.
Present the argument to the Falcon Security CEO that switching to a more dynamic database structure (NoSQL real- time database) will meet the demands of IoT.
Introduce some features of the database you chose, whether it is MongoDB, Cassandra, or another database. Describe how switching to a more dynamic database will give Falcon Security a competitive advantage.
Your presentation must be a minimum of six slides in length (not counting the title and reference slides), and you must use at least two academic resources. Any information from a resource used must be cited and referenced in APA format.
Unit IV
When you started your small business, you managed all business processes on your own. Now, your business is expanding and you have hired employees to help. Would you consider implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, or would you continue to use applications, such as Microsoft Office (e.g., Word, Excel, Access), to manage your business processes? Be sure to explain the reasons behind your choice.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit IV
Scenario: A company called Colony Nursery and Landscaping opened a new store located a few hundred miles away from its original location. The company wants to implement an award system that awards their customers with points whenever customers make a purchase, but the two stores are not able to share information. Colony Nursery and Landscaping will need to implement an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that will solve the information silo problem by collecting and making this user data available. Colony Nursery and Landscaping is hoping that by providing customers with this award
Information Systems Management 3
system, they will be able to maintain competitive advantage. Colony Nursery and Landscaping cannot afford to purchase, develop, or maintain this system on-site, so they are investigating cloud solutions.
In addition, for many organizations, Colony Nursery and Landscaping included, information silos make it difficult to tap into needed information. Discuss whether or not the problem of information silos can be solved by using the cloud. Some organizations do not have the resources to construct or maintain their computer infrastructure, so they utilize cloud services instead to reduce costs and improve scalability. In this assignment, you will discuss whether or not the cloud offers solutions for Colony Nursery and Landscaping and identify an application that the ERP system could provide. Compose an essay that includes the elements listed below.
Define what an information silo is.
Explain why information silos are a problem for organizations.
Discuss why organizations are moving to the cloud.
Determine whether or not using cloud services, such as a cloud-based host for data storage, would solve the ERP information silo problem at Colony Nursery and Landscaping.
Explain how using the ERP system and awards program would provide a competitive advantage for Colony Nursery and Landscaping.
Discuss why the implementation of an ERP system might require business process reengineering for Colony Nursery and Landscaping. Be sure to explain the business processes that will be affected (e.g., the customer awards system). Use diagrams or tables as needed, but this is not required.
Your essay must be a minimum of two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and it must be formatted in APA style. You should include an introduction section that gives background and context to your reader. You must use at least two scholarly resources as references. Any information from these resources must be cited and referenced in APA format.
Unit V
Recall the social media information systems scenario about augmented reality at the beginning of Chapter 8. Based on what you have learned in this unit, how would you respond if you were the head of marketing at ARES when Cassie and Raj presented their ideas about a mixed-reality environment? What do you think will happen if the company does not shift its current advertising ideology to embrace virtual environments? Be sure to use examples to support your arguments.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit V Scholarly Activity
Choose one of the scenarios below (A or B) to complete the assignment. Scenario A
You are the business owner of a local small engine repair shop, and you have been thinking about implementing a knowledge management system for your customer service technicians. You are thinking about this because there are times when some of your technicians know how to fix certain engine problems and others do not. Providing a central knowledge repository could help share troubleshooting and repair knowledge among your technicians.
Scenario B
You are the business owner of a local cleaning service, and you have been thinking about implementing a knowledge management system for your cleaning technicians, especially for those who troubleshoot and solve cleaning problems, such as removing certain carpet and water stains, addressing mold, and selecting the proper tools and products to use for other types of cleaning issues. You are thinking about this because there are times when some of your cleaning technicians know how to properly clean carpets and others do not. Providing a central knowledge repository could help share cleaning knowledge among your cleaning technicians.
After you chose your scenario (A or B), compose a paper that addresses the elements listed below.
Explain the role of knowledge management systems.
Explain what is meant by expert systems.
Explain what is meant by content management systems.
Discuss how the business in the selected scenario could benefit from an expert system and a content management system, and provide two examples for each type of system.
Discuss how the business in the selected scenario could benefit from business intelligence, and provide two examples of these benefits.
Discuss how the business in the selected scenario can use social media to not only obtain information and knowledge but to share it as well, and provide two examples of how the business might use social media information systems.
Your paper must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and you must also use at least two scholarly sources, one of which must come from the CSU Online Library. Any information from a source must be cited and referenced in APA format, and your paper must be formatted in accordance to APA guidelines.
Unit VI Journal
In this unit, you learned about safeguards against security threats. Do you use any of these in your personal life or at work? If so, explain how these safeguards help to ensure information security in your home or at work. If not, do you feel like the systems are adequately protected? Should any safeguards be put into place?
Information Systems Management 4
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit VI PowerPoint Presentation
Recently, a terminated employee used his mobile device to log in to the company network and steal sensitive data. As the manager of the information technology (IT) security department, you were asked by your boss to present a summary of what the organization should do to prevent this from happening again. Create a PowerPoint presentation of your summary. In your PowerPoint presentation, you should include the components listed below.
Explain the goal of information security in relation to mobile devices.
Identify the three sources of threats, provide a summary of each, and provide at least one example of each. Explain technical safeguards, and discuss which technical safeguard(s) should be used for mobile devices. Explain data safeguards, and discuss which data safeguard(s) should be used in this type of scenario. Explain human safeguards, and discuss which human safeguard(s) should be implemented.
Discuss why the organization needs an incident response plan to secure information and knowledge.
Your presentation must be a minimum of six slides in length, not counting the title and reference slides. Be sure that any graphics used are appropriate and support the content of your presentation. You must use at least two references in your presentation, and they should be cited and referenced in APA format. Please cite all sources used.
Unit VII Journal
Recall the Augmented Reality Exercise System (ARES) scenario discussed at the beginning of Chapter 11 of the textbook in uCertify. As the manager of this project, would you approve the decision to use an offshore contractor to outsource the development of AR headset applications? Why would you make this decision?
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit VII Case Study
As a manager of an organization, you will often need to find ways to cut costs. One way to cut costs is to outsource by hiring another organization to perform the service. Consider the scenario below.
As a manager for the public outreach department, you realize that the current system for managing outreach issues is outdated. You would like to have a new outreach system developed using the Cloudera platform to help manage big data. However, no one in the organization has the expertise. You will have to outsource the project to save on costs and avoid management problems. Two companies have sent in a bidone from Vancouver, Canada, and one from Mumbai, India. The bid from India was slightly lower than the bid from Canada. Compose a response that includes the elements listed below.
Define what is meant by outsourcing.
Explain how Peter Druckers statement (covered in the textbook in uCertify) about how one companys back room is another companys front room pertains to outsourcing. Use an example.
Summarize the management advantages, cost reduction, and risk reduction of outsourcing.
Summarize the outsourcing risks concerning control, long-term costs, and exit strategy.
Discuss which company you would outsource to and why. Does distance matter?
Your case study must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and you must use at least two references as a source for your essay. See the Suggested Reading section for some sample articles on outsourcing. Be sure to cite all sources used in APA format, and format your essay in APA style.
Unit VIII Journal
Identify a skill or knowledge that you learned in this course, and explain how you can apply it to increase success in your career in a real-world scenario.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.
Unit VIII Essay
In this final assignment, you will develop a paper that reviews some of the main topics covered in the course. Compose an essay to address the elements listed below.
Identify the components of an information system (IS) using the five-component framework, and provide a brief summary of each.
Explain Porters five forces model.
Management IS (MIS) incorporate software and hardware technologies to provide useful information for decision-making. Explain each of the following IS, and use at least one example in each to support your discussion:
a collaboration information system,
a database management system,
a content management system,
a knowledge management/expert system,
a customer relationship management system, an enterprise resource planning system,
a social media IS,
a business intelligence/decision support system, and
Information Systems
an enterprise IS.
Identify and discuss one technical and one human safeguard to protect against IS security threats.
There are several processes that can be used to develop IS and applications such as systems development life cycle (SDLC) and scrum (agile development). Provide a brief description of SDLC and scrum, and then discuss at least one similarity and one difference between SDLC and scrum
Sum up your paper by discussing the importance of MIS.
Your paper must be at least three pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and you must use at least two resources. Be sure to cite all sources used in APA format, and format your essay in APA style.
APA Guidelines
The application of the APA writing style shall be practical, functional, and appropriate to each academic level, with the primary purpose being the documentation (citation) of sources. CSU requires that students use APA style for certain papers and projects. Students should always carefully read and follow assignment directions and review the associated grading rubric when available. Students can find The CSU Citation Guide by clicking here. This document includes examples and sample papers and provides information on how to contact the CSU Writing Center.
Grading Rubrics
This course utilizes analytic grading rubrics as tools for your professor in assigning grades for all learning activities. Each rubric serves as a guide that communicates the expectations of the learning activity and describes the criteria for each level of achievement. In addition, a rubric is a reference tool that lists evaluation criteria and can help you organize your efforts to meet the requirements of that learning activity. It is imperative for you to familiarize yourself with these rubrics because these are the primary tools your professor uses for assessing learning activities.
Rubric categories include (1) Journal, (2) Assessment (Written Response), and (3) Assignment. Howe
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The project to maintain anonymity term paper grad school essay help
Case study dilemma: Should he accept Jones’s statement as a denial of participation in the project to maintain anonymity? Should he accuse Jones of lying? Should he drop the matter for the moment and later tell Cash about the incident? Perhaps Cash had lied about interviewing Jones? Should be confront Cash with this suspicion? Since it was some distance to the field site from the university, should he [Jordan] now seek out other informants Cash had reported on to determine whether or not they had been interviewed? Or, were there other tactics to be employed?
Point of view: the social-impact of the assessment team
Sources I have to use,
Martin, Brian. The Whistleblowers Handbook: How to Be an Effective Resister..
Anonymity and Confidentiality. eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/423/1/0206_anonymity and confidentiality.pdf.
To Tell or Not to Tell? The Ethical Dilemma of the Would-Be Whistleblower. Taylor and Francis Online,
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Change Management and HRIS Implementation extended essay help biology: extended essay help biology
Due Week 7 and worth 240 points
With the justification of an HRIS solidified, you need to show your client how you will implementthe HRIS using one of the change models discussed in our text.You will also need to explain and justify cost associated with implementation via a cost benefit analysis. You want to ensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.Therefore, you include a maintenance and evaluation plan in your proposal.
Instructions:
Write a three to four-pageproposal,in which you:
Change Management
1. Discuss the various reasons system implementation fails. Compare and contrast various change models. Then select a change model to use during system implementation.Provide details of how you will use the change model and justify why you selected one model over the other models. Explain the various steps that should be included to ensure the change model is effective.
HRIS Implementation
2. Discuss the activities that are necessary prior to the system going live and provide a timeline for these activities. Specify which change management team member will be responsible for each activity and explain their role.
Cost Benefit Analysis
3. Createa cost benefit analysismatrixfor the HRISvendoryou chose during Phase III: Design.Analyze the cost justification strategies thatyouwill use to justify the cost of the HRIS, including data that identify each benefit and cost component examined, estimates of the dollar amount foreach, estimates on when the organization will incur eachcost and receive each benefit, and documentation justifying each decision you made in listing these benefits.
Maintenance
4. Discuss how you willensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.
Due Week 7 and worth 240 points
With the justification of an HRIS solidified, you need to show your client how you will implementthe HRIS using one of the change models discussed in our text.You will also need to explain and justify cost associated with implementation via a cost benefit analysis. You want to ensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.Therefore, you include a maintenance and evaluation plan in your proposal.
Instructions:
Write a three to four-pageproposal,in which you:
Change Management
1. Discuss the various reasons system implementation fails. Compare and contrast various change models. Then select a change model to use during system implementation.Provide details of how you will use the change model and justify why you selected one model over the other models. Explain the various steps that should be included to ensure the change model is effective.
HRIS Implementation
2. Discuss the activities that are necessary prior to the system going live and provide a timeline for these activities. Specify which change management team member will be responsible for each activity and explain their role.
Cost Benefit Analysis
3. Createa cost benefit analysismatrixfor the HRISvendoryou chose during Phase III: Design.Analyze the cost justification strategies thatyouwill use to justify the cost of the HRIS, including data that identify each benefit and cost component examined, estimates of the dollar amount foreach, estimates on when the organization will incur eachcost and receive each benefit, and documentation justifying each decision you made in listing these benefits.
Maintenance
4. Discuss how you willensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.
Due Week 7 and worth 240 points
With the justification of an HRIS solidified, you need to show your client how you will implementthe HRIS using one of the change models discussed in our text.You will also need to explain and justify cost associated with implementation via a cost benefit analysis. You want to ensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.Therefore, you include a maintenance and evaluation plan in your proposal.
Instructions:
Write a three to four-pageproposal,in which you:
Change Management
1. Discuss the various reasons system implementation fails. Compare and contrast various change models. Then select a change model to use during system implementation.Provide details of how you will use the change model and justify why you selected one model over the other models. Explain the various steps that should be included to ensure the change model is effective.
HRIS Implementation
2. Discuss the activities that are necessary prior to the system going live and provide a timeline for these activities. Specify which change management team member will be responsible for each activity and explain their role.
Cost Benefit Analysis
3. Createa cost benefit analysismatrixfor the HRISvendoryou chose during Phase III: Design.Analyze the cost justification strategies thatyouwill use to justify the cost of the HRIS, including data that identify each benefit and cost component examined, estimates of the dollar amount foreach, estimates on when the organization will incur eachcost and receive each benefit, and documentation justifying each decision you made in listing these benefits.
Maintenance
4. Discuss how you willensure the system is properly maintained and evaluated for continuous improvement.
Resources
5. Use at leastthree quality academic resources in this assignment.Note:Wikipedia andsimilar websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment,yourname,yourprofessors name, the course title, and the date.The cover pageisnot included in the required page length.
Include a reference page. Citations and references must follow APA format. The reference pageisnot included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Create an HRIS needs analysis and evaluate the acquisition process.
Understand the management of change through the perspectives of various change models.
Create a project management plan and prepare the organization for the implementation.
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Environmental science homework discussion essay help online
WEEK 6 EXPLANATIONS
anglea1
Please answer the folloing topic. Multiples question and discussion question. Original work no plagiarism
on the attachment is the material and question to be answer
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Listed below is the current data for ABC Company cheap mba definition essay help: cheap mba definition essay help
Listed below is the current data for ABC Company:
ABC CompanyBalance SheetDecember 31, 20xx
Assets
Liabilities and Equity
Cash
$10,000,000
Accounts Payable
$20,000,000
Accounts Receivable
250,000,000
Long-term debt
400,000,000
Inventory
120,000,000
Common Stock ($10 par, 1,000,000 outstanding)
10,000,000
Plant and Equipment
325,000,000
Paid-in capital
90,000,000
Retained Earnings
185,000,000
Total
$705,000,000
Total
$705,000,000
The current price of a stock is $58 per share.
Required:
Construct a balance sheet after a two for one stock split. What will be the new price of the stock? (Problem 1 tab)
Construct a balance sheet after a 5% stock dividend. What is the new price of the stock? (Problem 2 tab)
Construct a balance sheet after a one for two reverse stock split. What is the new price of the stock? (Problem 3 tab)
Construct a balance sheet after a $3 per share cash dividend. What is the total cash dividend?
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Implications for the multinational firm. college application essay help online: college application essay help online
this not a paper( we just need to answer to those 3questions)
Course objectives
Describe the forces of globalization and its implications for the multinational firm.
Interpret the operation of the international financial system, its current state, and challenges for the future.
Summarize different types of foreign exchange exposure faced by the MNC. Identification and measurement of these risks
Explain the structure of international financial markets and institutions and the range of instruments traded therein.
This assignment has 3 parts:
Review the Terminal Course Objectives, accessed by clicking on the Course Information tab at the top of your screen, scrolling down to the Course Objectives and then selecting View class objectives. How will accomplishing these objectives support your success in management? What risks or challenges might a manager encounter if they have not mastered these objectives? Explain. (course objective above)
What is the purpose of the WTO and G8? Do you believe they are beneficial to Multi-National Companies (MNCs)?
Why do you believe it is important to understand the international monetary system?
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Human Resources (HR) program paper write essay helpou are a Human Resources (HR) program of one. Based on the information in this course, create a Human Resources plan of the steps needed to create a one-person HR department. The design of the HR department must correspond to the various dimensions of the organization. For example, if there are multiple customers, products, or locations, then HR needs to support them all.
In your paper:
1. Provide a clear and concise summary of the business (name, industry, number of people, etc.)
2. Create a detailed plan by completing the following:
a. Develop a recruitment and selection plan.
b. Design a training and development plan.
c. Design a compensation package for the people hired.
d. Discuss legal issues the company should considered (e.g., the U.S. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission).
e. Develop a performance appraisal system.
3. Provided support from scholarly sources in regards to the discussions made in the creation of the HR department.
Write the HR PLAN
The HR Plan
a. Must be eight to ten pages in length (not included the title and reference pages)and must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Any exhibits or appendices are also not included in the paper length.
b. Must include title page with the following
1. Title of Paper
2. Student’s name
3. Course name and Number
4. Instructor’s name
5. Date submitted
c. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
d. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
e. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
f. Must have at least five scholarly sources, three of which must be from the Ashford University Library, in addition to the text.
g. Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
h. Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
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Pay for Performance Research Assignment online essay help: online essay help
Pay for Performance (P4P)
The U.S. healthcare system has been criticized for high-cost, inefficacy, and issues on quality. P4P is an approach used to provide incentives to physicians and health care provider organizations to achieve improved performance by increasing quality of care and reducing costs.
Write a three- to five-page double-spaced paper (excluding title and reference pages), addressing the following:
Define the challenges in designing a Pay for Performance (P4P) program.
Discuss the impacts of P4P on provider payment reform.
Describe the health care providers reactions to Value-Based Purchasing Programs.
Determine the benefits of P4P on patients.
ThePay for Performance (P4P)assignment
Must be three to five double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Students name
Course name and number
Instructors name
Date submitted
Must include anparagraph.
Must use at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed, and/or other credible sources in addition to the course text.
Thetable offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment. Be sure torather than simply inserting it.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlinedand.
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The employees compensation package discussion summary and response essay helpDiscussion Question
As discussed in chapter nine, one component in an employees compensation package is indirect compensation. Indirect compensation is further described as employee benefits.
Research trends in benefit packages currently being offered by businesses in the United States. What benefits are being offered by forward thinking HR departments within companies? I want you to find these best practices in employee benefits that enhance motivation and commitment to a company or organization. You can list these as bullet points.
If you are currently covered under a benefit plan, outline and discuss the benefit plan you currently have through your employer. Select two of these employer benefits. What do you like about them or what would you change?
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Grams Of Helium At Room Temperature discussion essay help us
If You Place 20 Grams Of Helium At Room Temperature Into A Closed Container That Holds 500 ML, And Then…
cookecrew10
If you place 20 grams of helium at room temperature into a closed container that holds 500 mL, and then later transfer the helium into a 1000 mL closed container, which of the gas’ properties will change? Select answer A weight Select answer B viscosity Select answer C mass Select answer D density
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Executive Summary by Ernst and Young Business Pulse easy essay help: easy essay help
Prepare: Read the following Executive Summary by Ernst and Young Business Pulse 2013 The Ernst and Young report identifies the top risks and opportunities for executives to consider for their strategic plans. This report discusses many influences on business practices, such as society, culture, politics, health, safety and security. http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Business_Pulse_-_top_10_risks_and_opportunities/$FILE/Businesspulse2013.pdf 3. Executive Summary Project Phase I: Imagine your company is planning and strategizing for the future and that you have been asked by the executive team to brief them on the state of the risks and opportunities in the industry. Prepare a 2- to 3-page analysis of the Executive Summary by Ernst and Young Business Pulse 2013, along with a review of the Modules 1-5, your textbook, and other research. Your analysis will help the top executives create a comprehensive strategic plan that includes risks and opportunities that could impact employees and other stakeholders. Make sure your paper clearly addresses the following questions: What are the top legal, safety, environmental, and financial risks and opportunities identified? What situations are influenced by society, culture, politics, health, safety and security? Connect to Federal and State laws when appropriate. In the global market, what are challenges businesses face when identifying risk for forecasting? This assignment covers the following areas and objectives: Ethical and Legal Risks Potential Impact Trends Employment Laws Phase I Rubric Requirements of Submission: Written com
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Health Care Policy and Teaching Plan assignment descriptive essay help
Health Care Policy, Teaching Plan, Culminating Experience In Nursing And Nursing Research (Due 24 Hours)
Edero2103
1) Minimum 6 full pages (No word count per page)-Follow the 3 x 3 rule: minimum three paragraphs per part.
Part 1: Minimum 1 page
Part 2: minimum 1 page
Part 3: Minimum 1 page
Part 4: minimum 1 page
Part 5: Minimum 1 page
Part 6: Minimum 1 page
Submit 1 document per part
2)******APA norms
All paragraphs must benarrativeand cited in the text- each paragraph
Bulletedresponses are not accepted
Don’t write in the first person
Don’t copy and paste the questions.
Answer the question objectively, do not make introductions to your answers, answer it when you start the paragraph
Submit 1 document per part
3)****************************** It will be verified by Turnitin (Identify the percentage of exact match of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks)
********************************It will be verified by SafeAssign (Identify the percentage of similarity of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks)
4) Minimum 3 references per part not older than 5 years
5) Identify your answer with the numbers, according to the question. Start your answer on the same line, not the next
Example:
Q 1. Nursing is XXXXX
Q 2. Health is XXXX
6) You must name the files according to the part you are answering:
Example:
Part 1.doc
Part 2.do
__________________________________________________________________________________
Part 1: Health Care Policy
As an advanced practice nurse, one can engage in activism in order to achieve desired policy changes at various levels including their own organization.
1. Should nurses be unionized? and why?
2. How does being unionized impact a workforce culture of safety?
3 . Explain how MSN essential VI: Health policy and advocacy relates to this topic.
Part 2: Teaching Plan
Purpose: Successfully teach your group of students.
Your Role: Educator
Population: Expertise Nurses in ICU
Topic: Perception and response capacity of nurses to alarm fatigue in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
When you are a nurse educator, you will possibly take on your preceptors or your facultys role for a student just like you. Consider what your preceptor or faculty will observe during your SIM lesson and what type of feedback he/she will provide for you.
1. What will he/she be looking for or expecting?
2. How will you be coached?
3. Describe what you think you would do in his/her role before, during, and after your lesson.
Part 3: Culminating Experience Research
See File attached
Although we know you did not complete a full research project, you completed the research proposal with an idea of what your actual results could be. If you ever do complete a full research project, an important step is making sure your research is published/disseminated so that other nurse educator professionals can benefit from your hard work. There are many ways to disseminate information in nursing as seen in your text, including many different nursing journals.
As a nurse educator, you will engage in professional development and find peer-reviewed information to share with your students.
1. According to your research, describe a proposal-
2. Where it might fit if it were published and why.
3. Describe how you would disseminate your work and the reasons for your choice.
Part 4: Nursing Research
1. Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables.
2. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables.
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Note Taking and Summary Assignment Paper essay help site:edu: essay help site:eduNote Taking and Summary
Before You Begin
To successfully complete your assignment, you should have completed the following tasks:
From the textbook,, read:
Active listening and note taking: Taking in and recording information
Review materials under the topic Note Taking
Review Dr. Martin Luther Kings speechI Have a Dreamat the following:
King, M. (2004). I have a dream.New African,(435), p. 67. (ProQuest Document ID 230228033) Retrieved from
This assignment consists oftwoparts. Complete both parts.
Part 1
Refer to theFinding a Note-Taking Techniquemedia piece on the “Note Taking” page inModule 4and review theexplanation ofCornell Notes.
and review the blank Cornell Notes template.
Use the blank note-taking sheet to summarize the main points from Dr. Kings speech as you read it. Focus on the message that Dr. King was trying to communicate to the audience that day. Be sure you complete all the sections of the template, including those for connections, questions, and summary. For reference, use the note-taking example.
Part 2
Using your notes as a resource, write a summary of the speech at the bottom of the Cornell note-taking form. Be sure to:
Create a systematic summary that captures all of the main points of the speech, as well as the various pieces of evidence Dr. King used to support these main ideas. Paraphrase where necessary.
In addition to the summary,reflect on the note-taking activity andaddress the following:
Document what you have learned from the note-taking activity.
Describe how you will use note-taking skills in other ways.
Submit the filled in note-taking template with the summary and reflection at the bottom as a one- to two-page document
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Employee Relations and Avoiding Litigation university essay help: university essay help
Employee Relationsand Avoiding Litigation”
Examine the major benefits to an organization that allocates organizational resources towards employee relations activities. Then, specify two employee relations activities that you believe would have the greatest impact on an organization. Provide support for your rationale.
Compose a strategy that an organization can implement to reduce the number of HR cases that reach the point of arbitration. Support your answer
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The total rewards component term paper best college essay helpFor companies that have a mission of selling, a major objective is to motivate the salespeople. While there are many factors that go into motivating these people, one of the primary factors is the compensation plan that describes how they will be rewarded. Research a large organizations sales force and its compensation plan.
Write a seven (7) page paper in which you:
Review the five (5) total rewards components outlined by WorldatWork and discuss how the components can be used to motivate the sales force to achieve high performance. Be specific.
Describe the behaviors of the sales force that are targeted with the compensation plan.
Define value proposition and assess how a value proposition is achieved for current and future employees leveraging a total rewards package.
Based upon the type of plan you may create or WorldatWorks model, indicate how attracted you think future salespeople may be to this plan and why.
Use at least four (4) quality academic resources in this assignment preferably fromNote: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; paragraphs are properly indented and all lines of information double-spaced; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Analyze an organizations strategy, workforce, operating environment, and key stakeholders to identify critical factors in designing a total rewards strategy.
Evaluate organizational policies that facilitate the administration of benefits.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in total rewards.
Write clearly and concisely about total rewards using proper writing mechanics.
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Knox Mine Disaster in Northeastern final paper college essay help near me: college essay help near me
write 350500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments.
The story of the 1959 Knox Mine Disaster in Northeastern, PA represents a framework for understanding how labor unions, management, and other organizations had engaged in corrupt labor-management relations. Mining too close to the Susquehanna river bed caused the river bed to collapse. Billions of gallons of water flowed into the mines putting miners lives at risk. The disaster effectively ended the area’s anthracite coal industry. Over 7,500 jobs were lost because of the Knox Mine Disaster causing long-term economic challenges for the region.
Using the Internet, research information on the Knox Mine Disaster and discuss the following questions with your classmates:
What role did the union, management, and other organizations have in the Knox Mine Disaster?
According to your research, what was the root cause of the disaster? What labor-relations laws or practices were ignored?
Could the disaster have been prevented? If so, how? What future labor laws were put in place that could prevent similar disasters from happening?
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The Discussion Boards Substantive Assignments college application essay help online
This course features a debate component within the Discussion Boards. To prepare for the debate topic within this course,clickto view a videothat reviews and considers the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends (SWOTT) analysis of a fast-food franchise. Once completed,provide a quick synopsis (100-200 words) with 2-3 points that stand out to you in particular.This video will be the construct by which the Discussion Boards will structure a debate discussion.
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